{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:01:01Z","timestamp":1793764861311,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36312-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T07:59:55Z","timestamp":1771315195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Marginal effect of clean energy, nuclear energy-related R&amp;D investment, energy security risk, and policy uncertainty on the environment in the USA"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mustafa Tevfik","family":"Kartal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilvin","family":"Ta\u015fk\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Magazzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"36312_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M. I., Islam, M. M., & Ceh, B. Growth-environment nexus in Canada: Revisiting EKC via demand and supply dynamics. Energy Environ. 0958305X241263833 (2024).","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X241263833"},{"issue":"1","key":"36312_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2023.09.022","volume":"56","author":"MY Mehboob","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehboob, M. Y., Ma, B., Sadiq, M. & Zhang, Y. Does nuclear energy reduce consumption-based carbon emissions: The role of environmental taxes and trade globalization in highest carbon emitting countries. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 56(1), 180\u2013188 (2024).","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"36312_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2018.09.015","volume":"77","author":"L Lau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lau, L., Choong, C., Ng, C., Liew, F. & Ching, S. Is nuclear energy clean? Revisit of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in OECD countries. Econ. Model. 77, 12\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"Econ. Model."},{"issue":"7","key":"36312_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X221112910","volume":"34","author":"B Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan, B., Adebayo, T. S., Ibrahim, R. L. & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. Does nuclear energy consumption mitigate carbon emissions in leading countries by nuclear power consumption? Evidence from quantile causality approach. Energy Environ. 34(7), 2521\u20132543 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Environ."},{"key":"36312_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murphy, C., Cole, W., Bistline, J., Bragg-Sitton, S., Dixon, B., Eschmann, E., Ho, J., Kwon, A., Martin, L., Namovicz, C., & Sowder, A. Nuclear power\u2019s future role in a decarbonized U.S. electricity system. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1988235 (2023).","DOI":"10.2172\/1988235"},{"key":"36312_CR6","unstructured":"EIA. U.S. nuclear industry. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/energyexplained\/nuclear\/us-nuclear-industry.php, Accessed on 20 June 2025 (2023)."},{"key":"36312_CR7","unstructured":"EIA. U.S. nuclear generating statistics. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=65104#:~:text=In%202024%2C%20U.S.%20utilities%20operated,generation%20fleet%20in%20the%20world, Accessed on 20 June 2025 (2024)."},{"issue":"6","key":"36312_CR8","first-page":"775","volume":"207","author":"SH Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, S. H., Taiwo, T. A. & Dixon, B. W. The carbon value of nuclear power plant lifetime extensions in the United States. Nucl. Technol. 207(6), 775\u2013790 (2021).","journal-title":"Nucl. Technol."},{"key":"36312_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121890","volume":"238","author":"ST Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan, S. T., Khan, D., Zhu, B. & Batool, B. Is public service transportation increase environmental contamination in China? The role of nuclear energy consumption and technological change. Energy 238, 121890 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"5","key":"36312_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2021.11.021","volume":"54","author":"MT Majeed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Majeed, M. T., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, \u0130, Samreen, I. & Luni, T. Evaluating the asymmetric effects of nuclear energy on carbon emissions in Pakistan. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 54(5), 1664\u20131673 (2022).","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"36312_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2024.105526","volume":"178","author":"\u015e Bozkaya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bozkaya, \u015e, Onifade, S. T. & Duran, M. S. Nuclear energy utilization and the expectations of emission-reduction gains: Empirical evidence from economic trajectory of selected utilizing states. Prog. Nucl. Energy 178, 105526 (2025).","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"36312_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2023.05.014","volume":"129","author":"B \u00d6zcan","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan, B., K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Depren, S. & Kartal, M. T. Impact of nuclear energy and hydro electricity consumption in achieving environmental quality: Evidence from load capacity factor by quantile based non-linear approaches. Gondwana Res. 129, 412\u2013424 (2024).","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"issue":"24","key":"36312_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24380","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05627-8","volume":"26","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Zhou, Z. & Liu, C. Does economic policy uncertainty matter for carbon emission? Evidence from US sector level data. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26(24), 24380\u201324394 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"36312_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strueco.2022.12.002","volume":"64","author":"K Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, K., Dai, W. & Bian, Y. Trade policy uncertainty and environmental performance of Chinese enterprises. Struct. Chang. Econ. Dyn. 64, 73\u201385 (2023).","journal-title":"Struct. Chang. Econ. Dyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"36312_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-025-00954-6","volume":"88","author":"WJP Chiou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chiou, W. J. P., Fu, S. H., Lin, J. B. & Tsai, W. Exploring the impacts of economic policies, policy uncertainty, and politics on carbon emissions. Environ. Resour. Econ. 88(4), 895\u2013919 (2025).","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"36312_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2025.123235","volume":"249","author":"PE Mandac\u0131","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mandac\u0131, P. E., \u00c7a\u011fl\u0131, E. C., Ta\u015fk\u0131n, D. & Kocakaya, B. T. Quantile-on-quantile connectedness of uncertainty with fossil and green energy markets. Renew. Energy 249, 123235 (2025).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"36312_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2015.04.006","volume":"49","author":"M Jaforullah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jaforullah, M. & King, A. Does the use of renewable energy sources mitigate CO2 emissions? A reassessment of the US evidence. Energy Economics 49, 711\u2013717 (2015).","journal-title":"Energy Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"36312_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14914","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16716-y","volume":"29","author":"R Bhowmik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhowmik, R., Syed, Q. R., Apergis, N., Alola, A. A. & Gai, Z. Applying a dynamic ARDL approach to the environmental phillips curve (EPC) hypothesis amid monetary, fiscal, and trade policy uncertainty in the USA. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29(10), 14914\u201314928 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"36312_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2023.08.019","volume":"127","author":"C I\u015f\u0131k","year":"2024","unstructured":"I\u015f\u0131k, C. et al. Renewable energy, climate policy uncertainty, industrial production, domestic exports\/re-exports, and CO2 emissions in the USA: a SVAR approach. Gondwana Res. 127, 156\u2013164 (2024).","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"36312_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114131","volume":"311","author":"F Joof","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joof, F., Samour, A., Ali, M., Rehman, M. A. & Tursoy, T. Economic complexity, renewable energy and ecological footprint: The role of the housing market in the USA. Energy Build. 311, 114131 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"issue":"2","key":"36312_CR21","first-page":"401","volume":"3","author":"J Kraft","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kraft, J. & Kraft, A. On the relationship between energy and GNP. J Energy Dev. 3(2), 401\u2013403 (1978).","journal-title":"J Energy Dev."},{"key":"36312_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper. No. 3914 (1991).","DOI":"10.3386\/w3914"},{"issue":"1","key":"36312_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1108\/01443581011012261","volume":"37","author":"JE Payne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Payne, J. E. Survey of the international evidence on the causal relationship between energy consumption and growth. J. Econ. Stud. 37(1), 53\u201395 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Econ. Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"36312_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-025-00872-z","volume":"6","author":"MI Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali, M. I., Rahaman, M. A., Ali, M. J. & Rahman, M. F. The growth-environment nexus amid geopolitical risks: Cointegration and machine learning algorithm approaches. Discov. Sustain. 6(1), 78 (2025).","journal-title":"Discov. Sustain."},{"issue":"1","key":"36312_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-023-02460-4","volume":"66","author":"C Magazzino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Magazzino, C. Ecological footprint, electricity consumption, and economic growth in China: geopolitical risk and natural resources governance. Empirical Econ. 66(1), 1\u201325 (2024).","journal-title":"Empirical Econ."},{"key":"36312_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2014.01.015","volume":"43","author":"J Baek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baek, J. & Pride, D. On the income-nuclear energy-CO2 emissions nexus revisited. Energy Econ. 43, 6\u201310 (2014).","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"36312_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2012.11.020","volume":"36","author":"J Baek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baek, J. & Kim, H. S. Is economic growth good or bad for the environment? Empirical evidence from Korea. Energy Econ. 36, 744\u2013749 (2013).","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"36312_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2021.10.030","volume":"54","author":"K Danish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Danish, K., Ulucak, R. & Erdogan, S. The effect of nuclear energy on the environment in the context of globalization: Consumption vs production-based CO2 emissions. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 54(4), 1312\u20131320 (2022).","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"36312_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2014.02.002","volume":"73","author":"U Al-Mulali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Mulali, U. Investigating the impact of nuclear energy consumption on GDP growth and CO2 emission: A panel data analysis. Prog. Nucl. Energy 73, 172\u2013178 (2014).","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"36312_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2019.11.027","volume":"52","author":"N Mahmood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmood, N., Danish, N., Wang, Z. & Zhang, B. The role of nuclear energy in the correction of environmental pollution: Evidence from Pakistan. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 52(6), 1327\u20131333 (2020).","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"36312_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173970","DOI":"10.1155\/er\/1173970","volume":"2025","author":"MI Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali, M. I., Islam, M. M. & Ceh, B. Interaction between decomposed energy utilization and environmental health in Canada: A cointegration and counterfactual analysis approach. Int. J. Energy Res. 2025(1), 1173970 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"36312_CR32","volume-title":"The theory of wages","author":"JR Hicks","year":"1932","unstructured":"Hicks, J. R. The theory of wages (Macmillan, 1932)."},{"issue":"3","key":"36312_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"HP Binswanger","year":"1978","unstructured":"Binswanger, H. P. & Ruttan, V. W. Induced innovation: Technology, institutions, and development. J. Dev. Stud. 14(3), 1\u201325 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"36312_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griliches, Z. Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth. Bell J. Econ. 92\u2013116 (1979).","DOI":"10.2307\/3003321"},{"key":"36312_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2020.101357","volume":"56","author":"B Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, B. & Bai, R. Oil prices and economic policy uncertainty: Evidence from global, oil importers, and exporters\u2019 perspective. Res. Int. Bus. Financ. 56, 101357 (2021).","journal-title":"Res. Int. Bus. Financ."},{"key":"36312_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2024.103479","volume":"95","author":"Z He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, Z., Dong, T., Qian, W. & Xu, W. Dynamic interactions among trade policy uncertainty, climate policy uncertainty, and crude oil prices. Int. Rev. Econ. Financ. 95, 103479 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Econ. Financ."},{"issue":"2","key":"36312_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2307\/2118443","volume":"110","author":"GM Grossman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. Economic growth and the environment. Q. J. Econ. 110(2), 353\u2013377 (1995).","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"issue":"10","key":"36312_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.05.003","volume":"37","author":"P Sadorsky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sadorsky, P. Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies. Energy Policy 37(10), 4021\u20134028 (2009).","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"36312_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2024.2421329","volume":"22","author":"MI Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali, M. I., Islam, M. M. & Ceh, B. Assessing the impact of three emission (3E) parameters on environmental quality in Canada: A provincial data analysis using the quantiles via moments approach. Int. J. Green Energy 22(3), 551\u2013569 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"36312_CR40","unstructured":"WB. Data of GDP. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator, Accessed on 21 May 2025 (2025)."},{"key":"36312_CR41","unstructured":"IEA. Energy Technology R&D Budgets. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/energy-technology-rd-and-d-budget-database-2, Accessed on 21 May 2025 (2025)."},{"key":"36312_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M. M., Ali, M. I., & Moniruzzaman, M. Synergy between energy technologies and CO2 emitting goods trade in leading energy-intensive economies: proactive or counterproductive governance? Sustain. Futures, 100950 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2025.100950"},{"key":"36312_CR43","unstructured":"EI. Data of Energy (Including Nuclear and Renewable Energy) Consumption and CO2 Emissions. https:\/\/www.energyinst.org\/statistical-review\/resources-and-data-downloads, Accessed on 21 May 2025 (2025)."},{"key":"36312_CR44","unstructured":"GFN. Data of EFP. https:\/\/data.footprintnetwork.org, Accessed on 21 May 2025 (2025)."},{"key":"36312_CR45","unstructured":"USC. Data of Energy Security Risk. https:\/\/www.globalenergyinstitute.org\/energy-security-risk-index, Accessed on 21 May 2025 (2025)."},{"key":"36312_CR46","unstructured":"www.policyuncertainty.com. Data of Economic Policy Uncertainty and Trade Policy Uncertainty. https:\/\/www.globalenergyinstitute.org\/energy-security-risk-index, Accessed on 21 May 2025 (2025)."},{"issue":"21","key":"36312_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5552","DOI":"10.3390\/en18215552","volume":"18","author":"C Magazzino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Magazzino, C., Monarca, U., Cassetta, E., Costantiello, A. & Gattone, T. Uncovering CO2 drivers with machine learning in high-and upper-middle-income countries. Energies 18(21), 5552 (2025).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"36312_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.140353","volume":"435","author":"MY Mehboob","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehboob, M. Y., Ma, B., Mehboob, M. B. & Zhang, Y. Does green finance reduce environmental degradation? The role of green innovation, environmental tax, and geopolitical risk in China. J. Clean. Prod. 435, 140353 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"23","key":"36312_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18488-x","volume":"29","author":"MM Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam, M. M. et al. Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption driven sustainable development in ASEAN countries: Do financial development and institutional quality matter?. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29(23), 34231\u201334247 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"36312_CR50","unstructured":"Kartal, M. T. Time, frequency, and quantile-based role of R&D investments in energy on sectoral degradation in the United States. Energy Environ. 0958305X241228508 (2024)."},{"key":"36312_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dam, M. M., Naimo\u011flu, M., & Shahbaz, M. Minimizing Fossil Fuel Energy Losses: The Role of R&D and Nuclear Energy in the United States. J. Clean. Prod. 144819 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.144819"},{"key":"36312_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120971","volume":"359","author":"MT Kartal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kartal, M. T., Ta\u015fk\u0131n, D., Shahbaz, M., Kirikkaleli, D. & K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Depren, S. Role of energy transition in easing energy security risk and decreasing CO2 emissions: Disaggregated level evidence from the USA by quantile-based models. J. Environ. Manag. 359, 120971 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"366a","key":"36312_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10482531","volume":"74","author":"DA Dickey","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 74(366a), 427\u2013431 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"36312_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/75.2.335","volume":"75","author":"PC Phillips","year":"1988","unstructured":"Phillips, P. C. & Perron, P. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75(2), 335\u2013346 (1988).","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"36312_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/07474939608800353","volume":"15","author":"WA Broock","year":"1996","unstructured":"Broock, W. A., Scheinkman, J. A., Dechert, W. D. & LeBaron, B. A test for independence based on the correlation dimension. Economet. Rev. 15(3), 197\u2013235 (1996).","journal-title":"Economet. Rev."},{"key":"36312_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2023.107021","volume":"126","author":"A Sinha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sinha, A., Ghosh, V., Hussain, N., Nguyen, D. K. & Das, N. Green financing of renewable energy generation: Capturing the role of exogenous moderation for ensuring sustainable development. Energy Econ. 126, 107021 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"36312_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpt019","volume":"22","author":"J Hainmueller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hainmueller, J. & Hazlett, C. Kernel regularized least squares: Reducing misspecification bias with a flexible and interpretable machine learning approach. Polit. Anal. 22(2), 143\u2013168 (2014).","journal-title":"Polit. Anal."},{"key":"36312_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2025.125963","volume":"392","author":"MT Kartal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kartal, M. T., Magazzino, C., Ta\u015fk\u0131n, D., Depren, \u00d6. & Ayhan, F. Efficiency of green bond, clean energy, oil price, and geopolitical risk on sectoral decarbonization: Evidence from the globe by daily data and marginal effect analysis. Appl. Energy 392, 125963 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"36312_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.3391","volume":"33","author":"MT Kartal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kartal, M. T., Mukhtarov, S., Depren, \u00d6., Ayhan, A. & Ulussever, T. How can SDG-13 be achieved by energy, environment, and economy-related policies? Evidence from five leading emerging countries. Sustain. Dev. 33(4), 5110\u20135133 (2025).","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"36312_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2025.02.007","author":"MT Kartal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kartal, M. T., Sharif, A., Magazzino, C., Mukhtarov, S. & Kirikkaleli, D. The Effects of energy transition and environmental policy stringency subtypes on ecological footprint: Evidence from BRICS countries via a KRLS approach. Engineering https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eng.2025.02.007 (2025).","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"36312_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2024.103384","volume":"57","author":"D Qianqian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qianqian, D., Zhen, W., Mehboob, M. Y. & Shehzadi, A. Does green innovation mitigate consumption-based carbon emissions? The role of nuclear energy consumption and energy productivity in G-7 nations. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 57(5), 103384 (2025).","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"36312_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2022.12.021","volume":"117","author":"S Yi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yi, S., Abbasi, K. R., Hussain, K., Albaker, A. & Alvarado, R. Environmental concerns in the United States: Can renewable energy, fossil fuel energy, and natural resources depletion help?. Gondwana Res. 117, 41\u201355 (2023).","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"36312_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32124-4","volume":"31","author":"O Usman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Usman, O., Ozkan, O., Alola, A. A. & Ghardallou, W. Energy security-related risks and the quest to attain USA\u2019s net-zero emissions targets by 2050: A dynamic ARDL simulations modeling approach. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 31(12), 18797\u201318812 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"36312_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2024.2423865","volume":"32","author":"MT Kartal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kartal, M. T., Depren, \u00d6. & Ayhan, F. Uncovering displacement between nuclear and renewable electricity generation for G7 countries by novel wavelet-based methods. Int. J. Sust. Dev. World 32(2), 186\u2013203 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sust. Dev. World"},{"key":"36312_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2024.101430","volume":"53","author":"UK Pata","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pata, U. K., Kartal, M. T., Mukhtarov, S. & Magazzino, C. Do energy and geopolitical risks influence environmental quality? A quantile-based load capacity factor assessment for fragile countries. Energ. Strat. Rev. 53, 101430 (2024).","journal-title":"Energ. Strat. Rev."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36312-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36312-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36312-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:03:02Z","timestamp":1773921782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36312-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["36312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-36312-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors are willing to permit the Journal to publish the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"9379"}}