{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:54:33Z","timestamp":1786726473125,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52404239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52404239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Key Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3009001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3009001"]}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Team Project of the Education Department of Shaanxi Province","award":["23JP097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JP097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36352-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T17:46:51Z","timestamp":1769708811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental study on the compaction deformation evolution and energy dissipation characteristics of graded broken rock mass"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Peiyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wuyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Shugang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Haiqing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Xiaolong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xiaoxu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"36352_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2025.107131","volume":"198","author":"R Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, R., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Canbulat, I. & Si, G. From dynamic goaf formation to evolving spontaneous combustion and gas explosion hazard management. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 198, 107131 (2025).","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"36352_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-023-09982-1","volume":"31","author":"M Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma, M. & Maity, T. Review on machine learning-based underground coal mines gas hazard identification and estimation techniques. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 31, 371\u2013388 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11099","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5c01419","volume":"39","author":"D He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He, D. et al. Effects of dynamic impact on microstructure evolution and permeability enhancement of coal. Energy Fuels 39, 11099\u201311109 (2025).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"36352_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85296-5","volume":"15","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Study on influencing factors and prevention measures of coal-rock-gas compound dynamic disaster in deep coal mine mining. Sci. Rep. 15, 2080 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"36352_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-025-04564-y","volume":"58","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Tang, J., Pan, Y. & Ren, L. Research on damage and energy evolution of gas-bearing coal under thermal\u2013mechanical coupling. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 58, 9649\u20139668 (2025).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12869","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912869","volume":"19","author":"J Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, J. et al. Risk assessment of deep coal and gas outbursts based on IQPSO-SVM. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 12869 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"36352_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111947","volume":"267","author":"J Ge","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ge, J., Lin, H., Li, S., Zhou, J. & Li, W. Research on multi-task leakage identification methods for gas drainage pipeline. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 267, 111947 (2026).","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"36352_CR8","volume":"44","author":"D He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He, D. et al. Mechanism of gas seepage enhancement based on the evolution of micro-pores and energy dissipation in coal under dynamic load. Geomech. Energy Environ. 44, 100762 (2025).","journal-title":"Geomech. Energy Environ."},{"key":"36352_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535868","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2025.1535868","volume":"13","author":"K Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, K. et al. Research on the mechanism of deformation and instability of surrounding rock in goaf under dynamic loading and the mechanism of active coordinated control. Front. Earth Sci. 13, 1535868 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"36352_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3390\/drones7050309","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. et al. Study on the evolution law of overlying strata structure in stope based on \u201cspace\u2013air\u2013ground\u201d integrated monitoring network and discrete element. Drones 7, 309 (2023).","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"36352_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13030688","volume":"13","author":"K Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao, K. & Ma, S. Optimized layout for high-level drilling in a high-gas coal seam to prevent gas overrun. Processes 13, 688 (2025).","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"36352_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2011.10.010","volume":"90\u201391","author":"C\u00d6 Karacan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karacan, C. \u00d6., Olea, R. A. & Goodman, G. Geostatistical modeling of the gas emission zone and its in-place gas content for pittsburgh-seam mines using sequential gaussian simulation. Int. J. Coal Geol. 90\u201391, 50\u201371 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"36352_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-025-04657-8","volume":"58","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Research progress and perspectives on prevention and control technologies for coal-rock-gas composite dynamic disasters: new types of induced classifications, discriminant criteria, and structural control schemes. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 58, 10143\u201310181 (2025).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14061579","volume":"14","author":"G Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, G. et al. Analysis of the effect of loading rate on mechanical properties of fissured rock materials and acoustic emission characteristic parameters. Buildings 14, 1579 (2024).","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"36352_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3390\/app14051682","volume":"14","author":"P Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen, P., Han, S., Guo, W., Yang, W. & Bai, E. Study of the internal rebreaking characteristics of crushed gangue in mine goaf during compression. Appl. Sci. 14, 1682 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"36352_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40571-024-00868-y","volume":"12","author":"D Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, D., Gong, H., Luo, P. & Ru, W. Research on the compressive deformation and re-bearing capacity characteristics of broken rock mass in deep roadway. Comput. Part. Mech. 12, 1181\u20131196 (2025).","journal-title":"Comput. Part. Mech."},{"key":"36352_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2024.108893","volume":"217","author":"L Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, L. et al. Mesoscopic influence mechanism of particle fragmentation on compressive deformation of gangue aggregates with different gradations under load. Miner. Eng. 217, 108893 (2024).","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-021-02607-8","volume":"54","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, M., Zhang, J., Huang, P., Sun, Q. & Yan, H. Deformation behaviour of crushed waste rock under lateral cyclic loading. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 54, 6665\u20136672 (2021).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2023.118987","volume":"430","author":"S Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin, S., Guo, Z., Wang, Q., Zhao, Y. & Li, Y. Effects of particle size on compressive deformation characteristics of broken rock mass in gangue rib of automatically formed gob-side entry retaining. Powder Technol. 430, 118987 (2023).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-05680-5","volume":"13","author":"KS Shah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shah, K. S. et al. Effect of particle morphology on mechanical behavior of rock mass. Arabian J. Geosci. 13, 708 (2020).","journal-title":"Arabian J. Geosci."},{"key":"36352_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.11.049","volume":"343","author":"J Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Characterizations of macroscopic deformation and particle crushing of crushed gangue particle material under cyclic loading: In solid backfilling coal mining. Powder Technol. 343, 159\u2013169 (2019).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021168","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002145","volume":"21","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Experimental investigation on mass loss characteristics of broken rocks with discontinuous gradation. Int. J. Geomech. 21, 4021168 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomech."},{"key":"36352_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1046-z","volume":"77","author":"M Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng, M. et al. Experimental investigation on the seepage property of saturated broken red sandstone of continuous gradation. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 77, 1167\u20131178 (2018).","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"36352_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kscej.2024.100101","volume":"29","author":"W Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, W., Liu, Y., Wang, C. & Zhai, M. Study of fractal characteristics and energy release in rocks under impact loading. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 29, 100101 (2025).","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.10.398","volume":"8","author":"F Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng, F., Pu, H., Dintwe, T. K. M., Sasaoka, T. & Xu, J. Creep and breakage behavior of broken rock in the caved zone of abundant mines under triaxial compression condition. Energy Rep. 8, 14517\u201314532 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"36352_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4024145","DOI":"10.1061\/IJGNAI.GMENG-9255","volume":"24","author":"Y Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, Y. & Xu, Y. One-dimensional compression fractal theory and experimental verification of coarse-grained soil. Int. J. Geomech. 24, 4024145 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomech."},{"key":"36352_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2024.104611","volume":"35","author":"T Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, T., Zou, Q., Ran, Q. & Kong, F. Compaction and re-crushing characteristics of sandstone granules with different gradations under cyclic loading. Adv. Powder Technol. 35, 104611 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-025-00751-y","volume":"12","author":"J Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei, J., Gao, F., Lou, J., Yang, L. & Wang, X. Localization of acoustic emission source in rock using SMIGWO algorithm. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 12, 19 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3390\/min8060244","volume":"8","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Particle-crushing characteristics and acoustic-emission patterns of crushing gangue backfilling material under cyclic loading. Minerals 8, 244 (2018).","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"36352_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s40571-022-00521-6","volume":"10","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, X., Gao, W., Hu, C., Wang, C. & Zhou, C. Study on macro\u2013micro mechanical behavior of broken rock mass using numerical tests with discrete element method. Comput. Part. Mech. 10, 691\u2013705 (2023).","journal-title":"Comput. Part. Mech."},{"key":"36352_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2021.11.012","volume":"396","author":"G Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng, G. et al. Study of the internal re-breaking characteristics of broken limestone during compression. Powder Technol. 396, 449\u2013455 (2022).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9344","DOI":"10.3390\/su16219344","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, C., Cheng, J. & Zhao, X. The Re-crushing spatiotemporal evolution law of broken coal in the goaf for sustainable utilization of abandoned mines. Sustainability 16, 9344 (2024).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"36352_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3390\/w15061190","volume":"15","author":"Y Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Qin, Y., Chen, P. & Xu, N. Simulation of the compaction behavior and the water permeability evolution of broken rock masses of different shapes in a goaf. Water 15, 1190 (2023).","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"36352_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2022.117675","volume":"407","author":"F Guorui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guorui, F. et al. Effect of particle size on re-crushing characteristics of crushed coal during axial loading. Powder Technol. 407, 117675 (2022).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR35","unstructured":"Mei-mei, F., Jiang-yu, W., Zhan-qing, C., Xian-biao, M. & Bang-yong, Y. Experimental study on the compaction of saturated broken rock of continuous gradation (2016)."},{"key":"36352_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-021-01379-3","volume":"17","author":"C Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Zhao, Y. & Bai, Q. 3D DEM method for compaction and breakage characteristics simulation of broken rock mass in goaf. Acta Geotech. 17, 2765\u20132781 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"36352_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166812","volume":"903","author":"K Miao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miao, K. et al. Utilization of broken rock in shallow gobs for mitigating mining-induced water inrush disaster risks and environmental damage: experimental study and permeability model. Sci. Total Environ. 903, 166812 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"36352_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(01)00078-3","volume":"63","author":"MN Bagde","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bagde, M. N., Raina, A. K., Chakraborty, A. K. & Jethwa, J. L. Rock mass characterization by fractal dimension. Eng. Geol. 63, 141\u2013155 (2002).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"36352_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.130127","volume":"367","author":"B Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Experimental research on the influence of different factors on the behaviour of broken coal and rock particles during compaction. Constr. Build. Mater. 367, 130127 (2023).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"36352_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/ese3.330","volume":"7","author":"B Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, B., Liang, Y., Zhang, L. & Zou, Q. Breakage law and fractal characteristics of broken coal and rock masses with different mixing ratios during compaction. Energy Sci. Eng. 7, 1000\u20131015 (2019).","journal-title":"Energy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.10.075","volume":"360","author":"M Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, M., Li, A., Zhang, J., Huang, Y. & Li, J. Effects of particle sizes on compressive deformation and particle breakage of gangue used for coal mine goaf backfill. Powder Technol. 360, 493\u2013502 (2020).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4020166","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001789","volume":"20","author":"Y Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Xu, B., Desai, C. S., Chi, S. & Xiang, B. Rockfill particle breakage generated by wetting deformation under the complex stress path. Int. J. Geomech. 20, 4020166 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomech."},{"key":"36352_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023162","DOI":"10.1061\/IJGNAI.GMENG-8660","volume":"23","author":"W Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui, W., Liu, G., Song, H. & Wang, C. Mesoscopic analysis of the compaction characteristics of rockfill materials considering gradation and shape. Int. J. Geomech. 23, 4023162 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomech."},{"key":"36352_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(01)00493-4","volume":"125","author":"J-P Latham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Latham, J.-P., Munjiza, A. & Lu, Y. On the prediction of void porosity and packing of rock particulates. Powder Technol. 125, 10\u201327 (2002).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2019.07.011","volume":"12","author":"F Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, F., Mao, X., Fan, Y., Wu, L. & Liu, W. V. Effects of initial particle gradation and rock content on crushing behaviors of weathered phyllite fills\u2014A case of eastern ankang section of shiyan\u2013tianshui highway, china. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 12, 269\u2013278 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1139\/T08-123","volume":"46","author":"G Mesri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mesri, G. & Vardhanabhuti, B. Compression of granular materials. Can. Geotech. J. 46, 369\u2013392 (2009).","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"36352_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2022.04.004","volume":"74","author":"Y Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Zhao, G. & Ren, M. Numerical simulation study on particle breakage behavior of granular materials in confined compression tests. Particuology 74, 18\u201334 (2023).","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"36352_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Segura, D. E. G. The coefficient of Earth pressure at rest. Can. Geotech. J. 30, 647\u2013666 (1993).","DOI":"10.1139\/t93-056"},{"key":"36352_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987719","volume":"1","author":"JC Santamarina","year":"2001","unstructured":"Santamarina, J. C., Klein, A. & Fam, M. A. Soils and waves:particulate materials behavior, characterization and process monitoring. J. Soils Sediments 1, 130\u2013130 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"36352_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2006.11.003","volume":"55","author":"I Einav","year":"2007","unstructured":"Einav, I. Breakage mechanics\u2014Part I: Theory. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 55, 1274\u20131297 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"36352_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-022-01692-5","volume":"18","author":"B Venkateswarlu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Venkateswarlu, B. & Singh, M. Shear strength of the soil\u2013rock mixture deposits: applicability of barton and kjaernsli shear strength model. Acta Geotech. 18, 2349\u20132371 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"36352_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-024-02315-x","volume":"19","author":"M Arrieta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arrieta, M. & Zhang, Z.-X. Particle size distribution (PSD) estimation using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry for rockfill shear strength characterization. Acta Geotech. 19, 6239\u20136258 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"36352_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137980","volume":"446","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, Z. et al. A recycled crushed rock sand mortar based on talbot grading theory: correlation of pore structure and mechanical properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 446, 137980 (2024).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"36352_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Wu, R., He, J. & Deng, X. Particle size effect and acoustic emission characterization of broken coal compaction and Re-crushing. Nat. Resour. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11053-025-10576-w (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11053-025-10576-w"},{"key":"36352_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66271-y","volume":"14","author":"P Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, P. et al. Research on the bearing creep characteristics and constitutive model of gangue filling body. Sci. Rep. 14, 15207 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"36352_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2020.11.016","volume":"92","author":"Z Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai, Z., Chen, Q. & Huang, L. A semianalytical hertzian frictional contact model in 2D. Appl. Math. Modell. 92, 546\u2013564 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Modell."},{"key":"36352_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almqvist, A. & Persson, B. N. J. Multiscale contact mechanics for elastoplastic contacts. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2507.14054 (2025).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2507.14054"},{"key":"36352_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangh, A. F. Variation of whole and fractured porous rock permeability with confining pressure. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. 15, 249\u2013257(1978).","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(78)90957-9"},{"key":"36352_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60804","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038187","volume":"69","author":"H Ghaednia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghaednia, H. et al. A review of elastic\u2013plastic contact mechanics. Appl. Mech. Rev. 69, 60804 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"36352_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-022-02985-7","volume":"55","author":"X Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. A numerical study on the influence of coordination number on the crushing of rockfill materials. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 55, 6279\u20136300 (2022).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2024.110614","volume":"312","author":"T Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, T. et al. Multi-stage evolution characteristics and particle size effect of sandstone granules subjected to cyclic loads. Eng. Fract. Mech. 312, 110614 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"36352_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2023.118638","volume":"426","author":"G Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng, G. et al. Quantitative analysis of layered re-crushing of crushed coal particles during compression based on CT scanning. Powder Technol. 426, 118638 (2023).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"36352_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-024-04105-z","volume":"57","author":"H Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, H., Cao, Y., Qian, J., Lu, Z. & Li, J. Study on mechanism of rock joint normal deformation based on mesoscopic modified hertzian contact model. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 57, 10447\u201310465 (2024).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-016-0011-1","volume":"1","author":"N Barton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barton, N. Non-linear shear strength for rock, rock joints, rockfill and interfaces. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 1, 30 (2016).","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solut."},{"key":"36352_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-019-0277-x","volume":"23","author":"M Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, M., Zhu, J., Chen, S., Wang, X. & Guo, W. Experimental study on influence factors and empirical formula of K0 for coarse grained soil. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 23, 3305\u20133314 (2019).","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SM01689J","volume":"18","author":"S Luding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luding, S., Taghizadeh, K., Cheng, C. & Kondic, L. Understanding slow compression and decompression of frictionless soft granular matter by network analysis. Soft Matter 18, 1868\u20131884 (2022).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"36352_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-023-1470-5","volume":"27","author":"M Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo, M., Zhang, J., Liu, X. & Wu, C. Effect of particle breakage and interlocking on strength and dilatancy characteristics of calcareous sands. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 27, 3270\u20133284 (2023).","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"36352_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Yamamoto, H. & Izumi, A. Experimental investigation on crushing of granular material in one-dimensional test. Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 60, 27\u201336 (2016).","DOI":"10.3311\/PPci.8028"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36352-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36352-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36352-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T10:03:34Z","timestamp":1771322614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36352-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["36352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-36352-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6606"}}