{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:57:35Z","timestamp":1781229455796,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ten Billion Project of Shanxi Medical University","award":["BYBLD002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BYBLD002"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Graduate Education Innovation Program","award":["2025SJ224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SJ224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36679-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T17:04:52Z","timestamp":1769360692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PPARs, L-FABP mediate the association between Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and gestational diabetes: a nested case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qikai","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuebin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijian","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"36679_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12854","volume":"10","author":"C Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, C., Sun, X., Lu, L., Liu, F. & Yuan, J. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Diabetes Investig. 10, 154\u2013162 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"36679_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09987-0","volume":"26","author":"X Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, X., Tiemeier, H. & Xu, T. Trends in gestational diabetes prevalence in China from 1990 to 2024: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 26, 1009\u20131021 (2025).","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"36679_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e843","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000582","volume":"137","author":"HL Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown, H. L. et al. Promoting risk identification and reduction of cardiovascular disease in women through collaboration with obstetricians and gynecologists: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Circulation 137, e843\u2013e852 (2018).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"36679_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05376-6","volume":"300","author":"L Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. Risk of congenital heart defects in offspring exposed to maternal diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 300, 1491\u20131506 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"36679_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4970-6","volume":"62","author":"PM Prentice","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prentice, P. M. et al. Reduced size at birth and persisting reductions in adiposity in recent, compared with earlier, cohorts of infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 62, 1977\u20131987 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"36679_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-019-00388-0","volume":"18","author":"R Tabrizi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tabrizi, R. et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in association with macrosomia in Iran: a meta-analysis. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 18, 41\u201350 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"36679_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","volume":"373","author":"L Bellamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bellamy, L., Casas, J. P., Hingorani, A. D. & Williams, D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London England) 373, 1773\u20131779 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"36679_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2159","volume":"38","author":"MB Landon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Landon, M. B. et al. Mild gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term child health. Diabetes Care 38, 445\u2013452 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"36679_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_852_18","volume":"154","author":"H You","year":"2021","unstructured":"You, H., Hu, J., Liu, Y., Luo, B. & Lei, A. Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Indian J. Med. Res. 154, 62\u201377 (2021).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"36679_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27603","volume":"234","author":"H Yaribeygi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaribeygi, H., Farrokhi, F. R., Butler, A. E. & Sahebkar, A. Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms. J. Cell. Physiol. 234, 8152\u20138161 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"36679_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9517","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249517","volume":"17","author":"J Juan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Juan, J. & Yang, H. Prevalence, prevention, and lifestyle intervention of gestational diabetes mellitus in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 9517 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"36679_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901165","volume":"118","author":"JW Nelson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nelson, J. W., Hatch, E. E. & Webster, T. F. Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general U.S. population. Environ. Health Perspect. 118, 197\u2013202 (2010).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"36679_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1612","volume":"125","author":"A Cardenas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cardenas, A. et al. Plasma concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances at baseline and associations with glycemic indicators and diabetes incidence among high-risk adults in the diabetes prevention program trial. Environ. Health Perspect. 125, 107001 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"36679_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26384-9","volume":"30","author":"Y Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang, Y. et al. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and estimated glomerular filtration rate in adults: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES (2017\u20132018). Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. Int. 30, 57931\u201357944 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-021-00855-x","volume":"81","author":"Y Si","year":"2021","unstructured":"Si, Y. et al. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and sediment from an urban river in South China. Arch. Environ. Contaminat. Toxicol. 81, 133\u2013141 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contaminat. Toxicol."},{"key":"36679_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.6b00260","volume":"3","author":"XC Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu, X. C. et al. Detection of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in U.S. drinking water linked to industrial sites, military fire training areas, and wastewater treatment plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 3, 344\u2013350 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"36679_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.01.011","volume":"37","author":"LS Haug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haug, L. S., Huber, S., Becher, G. & Thomsen, C. Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds\u2013comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure. Environ. Int. 37, 687\u2013693 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.03.016","volume":"252\u2013253","author":"AK Venkatesan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkatesan, A. K. & Halden, R. U. National inventory of perfluoroalkyl substances in archived U.S. biosolids from the 2001 EPA National Sewage Sludge Survey. J. Hazard. Mater. 252\u2013253, 413\u2013418 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"36679_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30129-7","volume":"8","author":"LG Kahn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kahn, L. G., Philippat, C., Nakayama, S. F., Slama, R. & Trasande, L. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: implications for human health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8, 703\u2013718 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"36679_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106621","volume":"156","author":"G Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, G. et al. Environmental exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, maternal glucose homeostasis and the risk of gestational diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Environ. Int. 156, 106621 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.010","volume":"116","author":"RC Jensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jensen, R. C. et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances and glycemic status in pregnant Danish women: The Odense Child Cohort. Environ. Int. 116, 101\u2013107 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.019","volume":"232","author":"HS Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, H. S., Wen, L. L., Chu, P. L. & Lin, C. Y. Association among total serum isomers of perfluorinated chemicals, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, serum protein and metabolic syndrome in adults: NHANES, 2013\u20132014. Environ. Poll. (Bark. Essex 1987) 232, 73\u201379 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Poll. (Bark. Essex 1987)"},{"key":"36679_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152732","volume":"814","author":"K Dale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dale, K. et al. Single PFAS and PFAS mixtures affect nuclear receptor- and oxidative stress-related pathways in precision-cut liver slices of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Sci. Total Environ. 814, 152732 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"36679_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106913","volume":"158","author":"YT Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. T. et al. Associations between both legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and glucose-homeostasis: The Isomers of C8 health project in China. Environ. Int. 158, 106913 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121504","volume":"326","author":"L Zang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zang, L. et al. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: A nested case-control study. Environ. Poll. (Bark. Essex 1987) 326, 121504 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Poll. (Bark. Essex 1987)"},{"key":"36679_CR26","first-page":"88","volume":"19","author":"Y Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren, Y. et al. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and blood glucose in pregnant women. Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source 19, 88 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"36679_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061949","volume":"21","author":"SS Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, S. S. & Seo, Y. K. Excess accumulation of lipid impairs insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 1949 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"36679_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.115041","volume":"196","author":"M Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong, M. et al. Compound oolong tea ameliorates lipid accumulation through AMPK-PPAR pathway of hepatic lipid metabolism and modulates gut microbiota in HFD induced mice. Food Res. Int. (Ottawa Ont.) 196, 115041 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int. (Ottawa Ont.)"},{"key":"36679_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111445","volume":"14","author":"M Ma\u0142odobra-Mazur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma\u0142odobra-Mazur, M., O\u0142dakowska, M. & Dobosz, T. Exploring PPAR gamma and PPAR alpha\u2019s regulation role in metabolism via epigenetics mechanism. Biomolecules 14, 1445 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"36679_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.054","volume":"88","author":"AA Hosni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosni, A. A., Abdel-Moneim, A. A., Abdel-Reheim, E. S., Mohamed, S. M. & Helmy, H. Cinnamaldehyde potentially attenuates gestational hyperglycemia in rats through modulation of PPAR\u03b3, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Biomed. Pharmacother. 88, 52\u201360 (2017).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"36679_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11293","DOI":"10.1021\/es4026722","volume":"47","author":"L Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Ren, X. M. & Guo, L. H. Structure-based investigation on the interaction of perfluorinated compounds with human liver fatty acid binding protein. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 11293\u201311301 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"36679_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865604","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/865604","volume":"2013","author":"H Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, H. et al. Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis induce PPAR \u03b1 -regulated fatty acid \u03b2 -oxidative genes: synergistic roles of L-FABP and glucose. PPAR Res. 2013, 865604 (2013).","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"36679_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.05.008","volume":"1831","author":"AD Petrescu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petrescu, A. D. et al. High glucose potentiates L-FABP mediated fibrate induction of PPAR\u03b1 in mouse hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1831, 1412\u20131425 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"36679_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900058-JLR200","volume":"50","author":"HA Hostetler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hostetler, H. A. et al. L-FABP directly interacts with PPARalpha in cultured primary hepatocytes. J. Lipid Res. 50, 1663\u20131675 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"36679_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M005041","volume":"51","author":"HA Hostetler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hostetler, H. A. et al. Glucose regulates fatty acid binding protein interaction with lipids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1. J. Lipid Res. 51, 3103\u20133116 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"36679_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105952","volume":"143","author":"H Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Exposure to elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy is related to increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A nested case-control study in Shanghai, China. Environ. Int. 143, 105952 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041197","volume":"19","author":"M Botta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Botta, M. et al. PPAR agonists and metabolic syndrome: an established role?. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 1197 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"36679_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.07.031","volume":"120","author":"W Qi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qi, W., Clark, J. M., Timme-Laragy, A. R. & Park, Y. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) potentiates adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Chem. Toxicol. Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc. 120, 340\u2013345 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol. Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc."},{"key":"36679_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88894","volume":"127","author":"V Dubois","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dubois, V., Eeckhoute, J., Lefebvre, P. & Staels, B. Distinct but complementary contributions of PPAR isotypes to energy homeostasis. J. Clin. Investig. 127, 1202\u20131214 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"36679_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152565","volume":"443","author":"BE Blake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blake, B. E. & Fenton, S. E. Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and latent health outcomes: A review including the placenta as a target tissue and possible driver of peri- and postnatal effects. Toxicology 443, 152565 (2020).","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"36679_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg9065","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg9065","volume":"375","author":"MG Evich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evich, M. G. et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment. Science (New York N. Y.) 375, eabg9065 (2022).","journal-title":"Science (New York N. Y.)"},{"key":"36679_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.10.001","volume":"103","author":"C Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. A prospective study of prepregnancy serum concentrations of perfluorochemicals and the risk of gestational diabetes. Fertil. Steril. 103, 184\u2013189 (2015).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"36679_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.027","volume":"114","author":"H Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances, glucose homeostasis, and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women: A repeat measurement-based prospective study. Environ. Int. 114, 12\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.027","volume":"124","author":"ML Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman, M. L. et al. Persistent organic pollutants and gestational diabetes: A multi-center prospective cohort study of healthy US women. Environ. Int. 124, 249\u2013258 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113596","volume":"230","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Association between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and blood glucose in pregnant women. Int. J. Hygiene Environ. Health 230, 113596 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hygiene Environ. Health"},{"key":"36679_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2018.03.016","volume":"69","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Association of serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances with gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum blood glucose. J. Environ. Sci. (China) 69, 5\u201311 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"36679_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"067016","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP641","volume":"125","author":"AP Starling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Starling, A. P. et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and offspring weight and adiposity at birth: examining mediation by maternal fasting glucose in the healthy start study. Environ. Health Perspect. 125, 067016 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"36679_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2864","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa328","volume":"105","author":"EV Preston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Preston, E. V. et al. Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with glucose tolerance during pregnancy in project viva. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, e2864\u2013e2876 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"36679_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32538","volume":"77","author":"T Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, T. et al. Intestinal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1-fatty acid-binding protein 1 axis modulates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 77, 239\u2013255 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"36679_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G241","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00334.2012","volume":"304","author":"AD Petrescu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petrescu, A. D. et al. Impact of L-FABP and glucose on polyunsaturated fatty acid induction of PPAR\u03b1-regulated \u03b2-oxidative enzymes. Am. J. Physiol. Gastroint. Liver Physiol. 304, G241\u2013G256 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastroint. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"36679_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.40417","volume":"17","author":"YC Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, Y. C. et al. Circulating fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Med. Sci. 17, 182\u2013190 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"36679_CR52","first-page":"788","volume":"24","author":"A Kamijo-Ikemori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamijo-Ikemori, A., Sugaya, T., Sekizuka, A., Hirata, K. & Kimura, K. Amelioration of diabetic tubulointerstitial damage in liver-type fatty acid-binding protein transgenic mice. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl. Off. Publ. Eur. Dial. Transp. Assoc. Eur. Renal Assoc. 24, 788\u2013800 (2009).","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl. Off. Publ. Eur. Dial. Transp. Assoc. Eur. Renal Assoc."},{"key":"36679_CR53","first-page":"1019","volume":"33","author":"M Vida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vida, M. et al. IL-6 cooperates with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b1-ligands to induce liver fatty acid binding protein (LFABP) up-regulation. Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver 33, 1019\u20131028 (2013).","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"36679_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27307","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.43.27307","volume":"272","author":"JM Peters","year":"1997","unstructured":"Peters, J. M. et al. Alterations in lipoprotein metabolism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27307\u201327312 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"36679_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh130","volume":"80","author":"JM Shipley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shipley, J. M. et al. trans-activation of PPARalpha and induction of PPARalpha target genes by perfluorooctane-based chemicals. Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol. 80, 151\u2013160 (2004).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"36679_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3515","volume":"38","author":"AK Rosenmai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosenmai, A. K., Ahrens, L., le Godec, T., Lundqvist, J. & Oskarsson, A. Relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity and cellular concentration of 14 perfluoroalkyl substances in HepG2 cells. J. Appl. Toxicol. JAT 38, 219\u2013226 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol. JAT"},{"key":"36679_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040949","volume":"19","author":"S Lamichane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lamichane, S., Dahal Lamichane, B. & Kwon, S. M. Pivotal roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their signal cascade for cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 949 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"36679_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119562","volume":"100","author":"MK Cavaghan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cavaghan, M. K., Ehrmann, D. A., Byrne, M. M. & Polonsky, K. S. Treatment with the oral antidiabetic agent troglitazone improves beta cell responses to glucose in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. J. Clin. Investing. 100, 530\u2013537 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investing."},{"key":"36679_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/47254","volume":"402","author":"I Barroso","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barroso, I. et al. Dominant negative mutations in human PPARgamma associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Nature 402, 880\u2013883 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"36679_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113928","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23043","volume":"8","author":"Y Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao, Y., She, R. & Sha, W. Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with decreased adipose and placenta peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor \u03b3 expression in a Chinese population. Oncotarget 8, 113928\u2013113937 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"36679_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1071\/RD04067","volume":"17","author":"E Capobianco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Capobianco, E. et al. 15-Deoxy-Delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) levels in term placental tissues from control and diabetic rats: modulatory effects of a PPARgamma agonist on nitridergic and lipid placental metabolism. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 17, 423\u2013433 (2005).","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"36679_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.04.002","volume":"28","author":"N Suwaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suwaki, N., Masuyama, H., Masumoto, A., Takamoto, N. & Hiramatsu, Y. Expression and potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in the placenta of diabetic pregnancy. Placenta 28, 315\u2013323 (2007).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"36679_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15103","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c01304","volume":"6","author":"NMS Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida, N. M. S., Eken, Y. & Wilson, A. K. Binding of per- and polyfluoro-alkyl substances to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. ACS Omega 6, 15103\u201315114 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"36679_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106204","volume":"146","author":"JM Conley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Conley, J. M. et al. Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) alters maternal and fetal glucose and lipid metabolism and produces neonatal mortality, low birthweight, and hepatomegaly in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Environ. Int. 146, 106204 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"36679_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2022.116136","volume":"449","author":"N Evans","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evans, N. et al. In vitro activity of a panel of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), fatty acids, and pharmaceuticals in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPAR gamma, and estrogen receptor assays. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 449, 116136 (2022).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"36679_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152789","volume":"457","author":"KA Houck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Houck, K. A. et al. Bioactivity profiling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) identifies potential toxicity pathways related to molecular structure. Toxicology 457, 152789 (2021).","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"36679_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020479","volume":"28","author":"D Kowalska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kowalska, D. et al. How the structure of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) influences their binding potency to the peroxisome proliferator-activated and thyroid hormone receptors-an in silico screening study. Molecules (Basel Switzerland) 28, 479 (2023).","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"36679_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7423","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.3c01384","volume":"63","author":"NMS Almeida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almeida, N. M. S., Bali, S. K., James, D., Wang, C. & Wilson, A. K. Binding of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) to the PPAR\u03b3\/RXR\u03b1-DNA Complex. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 63, 7423\u20137443 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"36679_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0301145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301145","volume":"19","author":"B Damiri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Damiri, B. et al. The epidemiology of gestational diabetes, gestation hypertension, and anemia in North Palestine from 2018 to 2020: A retrospective study. PLoS ONE 19, e0301145 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"36679_CR70","first-page":"1665","volume":"14","author":"J Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, J. et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: new thinking on diagnostic criteria. Life (Basel Switzerland) 14, 1665 (2024).","journal-title":"Life (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"36679_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49050","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049050","volume":"7","author":"DJ Horne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horne, D. J. et al. Association between smoking and latent tuberculosis in the U.S. population: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS ONE 7, e49050 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"36679_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1990.10389587","volume":"5","author":"RW Hornung","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hornung, R. W. & Reed, L. D. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5, 46\u201351 (1990).","journal-title":"Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"36679_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134312","volume":"471","author":"Z Niu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niu, Z. et al. Kidney function decline mediates the adverse effects of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on uric acid levels and hyperuricemia risk. J. Hazard. Mater. 471, 134312 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"36679_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13253-014-0180-3","volume":"20","author":"C Carrico","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carrico, C., Gennings, C., Wheeler, D. C. & Factor-Litvak, P. Characterization of weighted quantile sum regression for highly correlated data in a risk analysis setting. J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. 20, 100\u2013120 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat."},{"key":"36679_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","author":"AP Keil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keil, A. P. et al. A quantile-based g-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures. Environ. Health Perspect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP5838 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"36679_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000121","volume":"25","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2014","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J. A unification of mediation and interaction: a 4-way decomposition. Epidemiology 25, 749\u2013761 (2014).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36679-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36679-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36679-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:05:26Z","timestamp":1770980726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36679-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["36679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-36679-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Shanxi medical University (approval number [No. 2021GLL077]), and written consent was obtained from all participating women.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"6193"}}