{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:19:50Z","timestamp":1777983590185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Theory of mind is an important skill to function in society. There is evidence that anxiety can impair the ability to use this skill effectively; however, current research is inconclusive, uses heterogeneous measures of theory of mind, and lacks distinction between anxiety types, despite these being known to present differently in clinical populations. False belief tasks are standard practice for assessing theory of mind in children and autistic participants and have also been found to adequately detect theory of mind differences in neurotypical adults yet are not systematically used throughout the current literature. Given that egocentrism reflects difficulty inhibiting one\u2019s own perspective, a core component of theory of mind, the present study examined egocentric bias using a false belief task. One hundred and sixty-eight participants completed the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) prior to being randomly allocated to a general anxiety, social anxiety, or neutral mood condition. Following mood manipulation, participants completed a false belief task with either privileged knowledge or no knowledge. A 3\u2009\u00d7\u20092 ANOVA found no significant main or interaction effects of general or social anxiety and false belief knowledge on performance, despite a reported increase of anxiety in the anxiety groups. There were also no significant correlations between trait general or social anxiety on theory of mind. The findings from this study do not support the previous evidence that anxiety increases egocentrism. Future studies should continue to distinguish systematically between state, trait, general, and social anxiety, and use reliable theory of mind measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36718-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:19:19Z","timestamp":1772702359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of state and trait general and social anxiety on theory of mind"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Foulds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Khudiakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. D. R.","family":"Surtees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"36718_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.12.019","volume":"46","author":"S Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin, S., Keysar, B. & Epley, N. Reflexively Mindblind: using theory of Mind to interpret behavior requires effortful attention. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 46, 551\u2013556 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"36718_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00497","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.497","volume":"6","author":"O Remes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Remes, O., Brayne, C., van der Linde, R. & Lafortune, L. A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain Behav. 6 (7), e00497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.497 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"36718_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027919","volume":"16","author":"BS Crosier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crosier, B. S., Webster, G. D. & Dillon, H. M. Wired to connect: evolutionary psychology and social networks. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 16, 230\u2013239 (2012).","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR4","first-page":"Article2","volume":"2","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, J. Humans as social beings\u2014From \u2018people first\u2019 to people-centered. Sci. Soc. Res. 2, Article2 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Soc. Res."},{"key":"36718_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fchl, J. Human beings as social beings: Gerda walther\u2019s anthropological approach. In Gerda Walther\u2019s Phenomenology of Sociality, Psychology, and Religion (ed. 71\u201384 (Springer International Publishing, (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97592-4_6"},{"key":"36718_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000048","volume":"144","author":"AR Todd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Todd, A. R., Forstmann, M., Burgmer, P., Brooks, A. W. & Galinsky, A. D. Anxious and egocentric: how specific emotions influence perspective taking. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 144, 374\u2013391 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"36718_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-024-00077-6","volume":"2","author":"F Quesque","year":"2024","unstructured":"Quesque, F. et al. Defining key concepts for mental state attribution. Commun. Psychol. 2, 1\u20135 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusch, T., Steixner-Kumar, S., Doshi, P., Spezio, M., & Gl\u00e4scher, J. Theory of mind and decision science: Towards a typology of tasks and computational models. Neuropsychologia 146, 107488 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107488"},{"key":"36718_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung, E. K. L., Apperly, I. A. & Devine, R. T. Measures of individual differences in adult theory of mind: A systematic review. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews 157 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105481"},{"key":"36718_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briscoe, H., Vickers-Graver, B., Jones, C. M. & Surtees, A. C. The link between anxiety and theory ofmind in children: A meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord.\u00a0367, 530\u2013544 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.171"},{"key":"36718_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90004-5","volume":"13","author":"H Wimmer","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children\u2019s Understanding of deception. Cognition 13, 103\u2013128 (1983).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"36718_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01909.x","volume":"18","author":"SAJ Birch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Birch, S. A. J. & Bloom, P. The curse of knowledge in reasoning about false beliefs. Psychol. Sci. 18, 382\u2013386 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"36718_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023035012436","volume":"29","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., O\u2019Riordan, M., Stone, V., Jones, R. & Plaisted, K. Recognition of faux Pas by normally developing children and children with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 29, 407\u2013418 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"36718_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172093","volume":"24","author":"FGE Happ\u00e9","year":"1994","unstructured":"Happ\u00e9, F. G. E. An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters\u2019 thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24, 129\u2013154 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord"},{"key":"36718_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715","volume":"42","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y. & Plumb, I. The reading the Mind in the eyes test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 42, 241\u2013251 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"36718_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)93939-U","volume":"18","author":"DJ Povinelli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Povinelli, D. J. & Preuss, T. M. Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization. Trends Neurosci. 18, 418\u2013424 (1995).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"36718_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030677","volume":"28","author":"JD Henry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Henry, J. D., Phillips, L. H., Ruffman, T. & Bailey, P. E. A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of Mind. Psychol. Aging. 28, 826\u2013839 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"36718_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Barr, D., Gann, T. & Keysar, B. How culture influences perspective taking: differences in correction, not integration. Front Hum. Neurosci. 7 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00822"},{"key":"36718_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00061","volume":"70","author":"AL Cutting","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cutting, A. L. & Dunn, J. Theory of mind, emotion understanding, language, and family background: individual differences and interrelations. Child. Dev. 70, 853\u2013865 (1999).","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"36718_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1348\/026151005X60022","volume":"24","author":"CC Peterson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peterson, C. C. & Slaughter, V. P. Telling the story of theory of mind: deaf and hearing children\u2019s narratives and mental state Understanding. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 24, 151\u2013179 (2006).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00277-1","volume":"3","author":"AR Todd","year":"2024","unstructured":"Todd, A. R. & Tamir, D. I. Factors that amplify and attenuate egocentric mentalizing. Nat. Rev. Psychol. 3, 164\u2013180 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013283","volume":"8","author":"BA Converse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Converse, B. A., Lin, S. & Keysar, B. Epley, N. In the mood to get over yourself: mood affects theory-of-mind use. Emotion 8, 725\u2013730 (2008).","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"36718_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2018.07.003","volume":"150","author":"JA Yip","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yip, J. A. & Schweitzer, M. E. Losing your temper and your perspective: anger reduces perspective-taking. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 150, 28\u201345 (2019).","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"36718_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115043","volume":"66","author":"JS Lerner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P. & Kassam, K. S. Emotion and decision making. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66, 799\u2013823 (2015).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1999.2838","volume":"79","author":"R Raghunathan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Raghunathan, R. & Pham, M. T. All negative moods are not equal: motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 79, 56\u201377 (1999).","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"36718_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930500220066","volume":"20","author":"M Eysenck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eysenck, M., Payne, S. & Santos, R. Anxiety and depression: Past, present, and future events. Cogn. Emot. 20 (2), 274\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930500220066 (2006).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"36718_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.11.012","volume":"35","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stein, D. J. & Nesse, R. M. Threat detection, precautionary responses, and anxiety disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 35, 1075\u20131079 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"36718_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026413","volume":"102","author":"F Gino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gino, F., Brooks, A. W. & Schweitzer, M. E. Anxiety, advice, and the ability to discern: feeling anxious motivates individuals to seek and use advice. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 102, 497\u2013512 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(03)00038-2","volume":"23","author":"SA Shankman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shankman, S. A. & Klein, D. N. The relation between depression and anxiety: an evaluation of the tripartite, approach-withdrawal and valence-arousal models. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 23, 605\u2013637 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"36718_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2016.00020","volume":"10","author":"HY Khdour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khdour, H. Y. et al. Generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder, but not panic anxiety disorder, are associated with higher sensitivity to learning from negative feedback: behavioral and computational investigation. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 10, 20 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"36718_CR31","first-page":"1405","volume":"11","author":"Y Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Cognitive impairment in generalized anxiety disorder revealed by event-related potential N270. Neuropsychiatr Dis. Treat. 11, 1405\u20131411 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis. Treat."},{"key":"36718_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214231217314","volume":"33","author":"ADR Surtees","year":"2024","unstructured":"Surtees, A. D. R., Briscoe, H. & Todd, A. R. Anxiety and mentalizing: uncertainty as a driver of egocentrism. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 33, 100\u2013107 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"36718_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.525","volume":"66","author":"PR Goldin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakim, S., Canli, T. & Gross, J. J. Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 66, 170\u2013180 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"36718_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544","volume":"9","author":"MG Newman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A. & Castonguay, L. G. Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: a review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 9, 275\u2013297 (2013).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.08.004","volume":"156","author":"AR Todd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Todd, A. R. & Simpson, A. J. Anxiety impairs spontaneous perspective calculation: evidence from a level-1 visual perspective-taking task. Cognition 156, 88\u201394 (2016).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"36718_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210056","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210056","volume":"9","author":"ML Dyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dyer, M. L., Attwood, A. S., Penton-Voak, I. S. & Munaf\u00f2, M. R. The role of state and trait anxiety in the processing of facial expressions of emotion. R Soc. Open. Sci. 9, 210056 (2021).","journal-title":"R Soc. Open. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"36718_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01031","volume":"47","author":"D Mier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mier, D. et al. The involvement of emotion recognition in affective theory of Mind. Psychophysiology 47 (6), 1028\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01031 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"36718_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baez, S., Tangarife, M. A., Davila-Mejia, G., Trujillo-G\u00fciza, M., & Forero, D. A. Performance in emotion recognition and theory of mind tasks in social anxiety and generalized anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Psychiatry\u00a014, 1192683 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1192683"},{"key":"36718_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.02.010","volume":"45","author":"DM Hezel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hezel, D. M. & McNally, R. J. Theory of Mind impairments in social anxiety disorder. Behav. Ther. 45, 530\u2013540 (2014).","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"36718_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.11.004","volume":"37","author":"D Washburn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Washburn, D., Wilson, G., Roes, M., Rnic, K. & Harkness, K. L. Theory of Mind in social anxiety disorder, depression, and comorbid conditions. J. Anxiety Disord. 37, 71\u201377 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"36718_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01501","volume":"10","author":"S Ballesp\u00ed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ballesp\u00ed, S., Vives, J., Sharp, C. & Tobar, A. Barrantes-Vidal, N. Hypermentalizing in social anxiety: evidence for a context-dependent relationship. Front. Psychol. 10, 1501 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000493","volume":"129","author":"T Alvi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvi, T., Kouros, C. D., Lee, J., Fulford, D. & Tabak, B. A. Social anxiety is negatively associated with theory of Mind and empathic accuracy. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 129, 108\u2013113 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"36718_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2018.1483021","volume":"31","author":"AP Lenton-Brym","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lenton-Brym, A. P., Moscovitch, D. A., Vidovic, V., Nilsen, E. & Friedman, O. Theory of Mind ability in high socially anxious individuals. Anxiety Stress Coping. 31, 487\u2013499 (2018).","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"36718_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.084","volume":"227","author":"NH Zainal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zainal, N. H. & Newman, M. G. Worry amplifies theory-of-mind reasoning for negatively valenced social stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 227, 824\u2013833 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"36718_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619896607","volume":"15","author":"F Quesque","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quesque, F. & Rossetti, Y. What do theory-of-mind tasks actually measure? Theory and practice. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 15, 384\u2013396 (2020).","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"36718_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W. & L\u00f6we, B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1092\u20131097 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"36718_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.379","volume":"176","author":"KM Connor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Connor, K. M. et al. Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN): new self-rating scale. Br. J. Psychiatry. 176, 379\u2013386 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"36718_CR48","unstructured":"Ballance, B. C. et al. Imagining emotional events benefits future-oriented decisions. Q J. Exp. Psychol 17470218221086637, (2022)."},{"key":"36718_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(01)00060-3","volume":"15","author":"NS Endler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Endler, N. S. & Kocovski, N. L. State and trait anxiety revisited. J. Anxiety Disord. 15, 231\u2013245 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"36718_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3524","volume":"14","author":"DW Grupe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grupe, D. W. & Nitschke, J. B. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 488\u2013501 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"36718_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv695","volume":"57","author":"B Miloyan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miloyan, B., Pachana, N. A. & Suddendorf, T. Future-oriented thought patterns associated with anxiety and depression in later life: the intriguing prospects of prospection. Gerontologist 57, 619\u2013625 (2017).","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"36718_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/79871","volume":"3","author":"AR Damasio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Damasio, A. R. et al. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 1049\u20131056 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"36718_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanca, M. J., Alarc\u00f3n, R., Arnau, J., Bono, R. & Bendayan, R. Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema 29, 552\u2013557 (2017).","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2016.383"},{"key":"36718_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.3505","volume":"10","author":"A Ghasemi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghasemi, A. & Zahediasl, S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 10, 486\u2013489 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"36718_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryskin, R. A. & Brown-Schmidt, S. Do adults show a curse of knowledge in false-belief reasoning? A robust estimate of the true effect size. PLOS ONE, 9, e92406 (2014).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092406"},{"key":"36718_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243044","volume":"15","author":"SP Bhanot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhanot, S. P., Chang, D., Cunningham, J. L. & Ranson, M. Emotions and decisions in the real world: what can we learn from quasi-field experiments? PLOS ONE. 15, e0243044 (2020).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"36718_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, C. A., Lindsay, J. J. & Bushman, B. J. Research in the psychological laboratory: truth or triviality? Curr Dir. Psychol. Sci. 8, 3\u20139 (1999).","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00002"},{"key":"36718_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611432343","volume":"7","author":"G Mitchell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mitchell, G. Revisiting truth or triviality: the external validity of research in the psychological laboratory. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 7, 109\u2013117 (2012).","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"36718_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostajeran, F., Balci, M. B., Steinicke, F., K\u00fchn, S. & Gallinat, J. The effects of virtual audience size on social anxiety during public speaking. 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) 303\u2013312 (2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.1581528155120"},{"key":"36718_CR60","first-page":"181","volume":"48","author":"LM Wankel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wankel, L. M. Audience size and trait anxiety effects upon state anxiety and motor performance. Res. Q. Am. Alliance Health Phys. Educ. Recreat. 48, 181\u2013186 (1977).","journal-title":"Res. Q. Am. Alliance Health Phys. Educ. Recreat"},{"key":"36718_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.02.006","volume":"43","author":"L Tomova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomova, L., von Dawans, B., Heinrichs, M., Silani, G. & Lamm, C. Is stress affecting our ability to tune into others? Evidence for gender differences in the effects of stress on self-other distinction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 43, 95\u2013104 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"36718_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9093","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v57n1105","volume":"57","author":"IM Goldenberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Goldenberg, I. M. et al. The infrequency of. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 57, 9093 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"36718_CR63","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychological interventions: Anxiety disorders [NICE Quality Standards No53]. (2014)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36718-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36718-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36718-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:17:14Z","timestamp":1772709434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-36718-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["36718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-36718-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6855230\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8232"}}