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Test specimens were immersed in a 37\u00a0\u00b0C water bath for 12 different durations: 0, 5, and 30\u00a0min; 1, 3, 6, and 9\u00a0h; and 1, 3, 7, and 14 d. Tensile tests were performed using a universal testing machine (Zwick Z010, Zwick, Ulm, Germany) to measure the Young\u2019s modulus (MPa), elongation at break (%), and tensile force (N) at strains of 1%, 2%, and 3%. After 14 d of immersion, TC-85, TA-28, and TR-07 exhibited forces in the range of 4.04\u20137.24\u00a0N at 1% strain and 7.30\u201313.48\u00a0N at 3% strain, while Zendura A and Zendura FLX exhibited forces of 26.26\u201332.91\u00a0N at 1% strain and 32.91\u201365.23\u00a0N at 3% strain. The Young\u2019s modulus and UTS results exhibit a trend similar to that of the tensile force. Direct-printed aligners exhibited a 25.3% (TC-85) increase in elongation at break after 30\u00a0min, whereas thermoformed aligners exhibited a 5.5% reduction. Direct-printed resins, such as TC-85, TA-28, and TR-07, with temperature-responsive viscoelastic behavior, exhibited statistically significant differences from thermoformed aligner materials, delivering lower mechanical loads that could favor a more suitable orthodontic force profile for clear aligners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36723-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:43:58Z","timestamp":1768956238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mechanical properties of thermoformed and direct-printed aligner materials after immersion in 37\u00a0\u00b0C water: a 14-day in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Oyonarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-127X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Margarita","family":"Lagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Vidaurre L.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2693-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Parada B.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8605-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"del Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soonho","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1581-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harim","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2408-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek M.","family":"Elshazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Yul","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-4553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"36723_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod21.269","volume":"52","author":"N Koenig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koenig, N. et al. 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