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As the fitness of a prophage depends on the welfare of its host, prophages often encode genes that enhance their host\u2019s fitness, thereby also contributing to their own survival. One such strategy for mutual survival is to protect the host from superinfection by other phages. We recently showed that four cryptic prophages contribute to the phage resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas putida<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a metabolically versatile and industrially promising model bacterium. Here, we show that prophages 1, 2, and 3 exhibit anti-phage activity against specific phages in our CEPEST collection. Focusing on P1-mediated phage defense, we uncover that P1 genes PP_5643 and PP_5644 encode a two-component RexAB-type phage immunity system. The RexA\n                    <jats:sub>pp<\/jats:sub>\n                    is a DNA-binding protein that shares structural similarity with phage lambda RexA. RexB\n                    <jats:sub>pp<\/jats:sub>\n                    is a membrane protein that acts as a cell growth-suppressing effector when stimulated by RexA\n                    <jats:sub>pp<\/jats:sub>\n                    overexpression, and probably by phage infection. The activation of RexB\n                    <jats:sub>pp<\/jats:sub>\n                    results in membrane damage, as evidenced by increased membrane permeability to SYTOX Green and propidium iodide, as well as leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes. Our data suggest that RexB\n                    <jats:sub>pp<\/jats:sub>\n                    causes growth cessation of infected bacteria and thus aborts the infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36734-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:04:12Z","timestamp":1768979052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prophage-encoded RexAB-type phage defense system in Pseudomonas putida"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sirli","family":"Rosendahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"K\u00e4ngsep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Ainelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Lipu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hedvig","family":"Tamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"H\u00f5rak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"36734_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08490","author":"S Roux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roux, S., Hallam, S. 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Mining of thousands of prokaryotic genomes reveals high abundance of prophages with a strictly narrow host range. mSystems 7, e0032622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00326-22 (2022).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"36734_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3527","volume":"13","author":"R Feiner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feiner, R. et al. A new perspective on lysogeny: Prophages as active regulatory switches of bacteria. Nat. Rev. 13, 641\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro3527 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev."},{"key":"36734_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9691","author":"JM Sweere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sweere, J. M. et al. Bacteriophage trigger antiviral immunity and prevent clearance of bacterial infection. Science https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aat9691 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"36734_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02230-14","volume":"197","author":"AM Nanda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nanda, A. M., Thormann, K. & Frunzke, J. Impact of spontaneous prophage induction on the fitness of bacterial populations and host-microbe interactions. J. Bacteriol. 197, 410\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.02230-14 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"36734_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, E. V., Winstanley, C., Fothergill, J. L. & James, C. E. The role of temperate bacteriophages in bacterial infection. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 363 (2016). ARTN fnw015dor10.1093\/femsle\/fnw015","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw015"},{"key":"36734_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14153","volume":"75","author":"CC Wendling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wendling, C. 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