{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:02:58Z","timestamp":1771552978283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009827","name":"Alexandria University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Host genetic factors, specifically major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influence the prognosis of COVID-19 infections. It plays a central role in the body\u2019s ability to recognize and respond to pathogens, including viruses like SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to identify the significant human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) allele genotypes associated with severe cases among SARS-CoV-2-positive patients attending the PCR unit in The Fever Hospital-Alexandria, Egypt. This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 through April 2023. Two swabs (nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal) were collected from each patient for RT-PCR to determine the cycle threshold (Ct) value. Subsequently, 2\u00a0ml of EDTA blood was drawn from each patient for DNA extraction and HLA-B typing using the INNO-LiPA HLA-B Update Plus kit. Patients were divided according to the severity of their infection: mild (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915, mean Ct\u2009=\u200926.27\u2009\u00b1\u20091.27), moderate (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915, mean Ct\u2009=\u200924.20\u2009\u00b1\u20091.63), and severe (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915, mean Ct\u2009=\u200922.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.93). Ct values were the lowest amongst the severe group with a mean of 22.27 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.026). Regarding the severity of SAR-CoV-2 infection, 39 HLA-B genotypes, 6 HLA-B super-types, and 22 HLA-B alleles were identified. HLA-B44 was the most significant allele when comparing the three groups of severity: mild, moderate, and severe\n                    <jats:italic>(p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.044\n                    <jats:italic>)<\/jats:italic>\n                    . HLA-B08 and HLA-B44 had a statistical significance of\n                    <jats:italic>(p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011) and\n                    <jats:italic>(p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.034\n                    <jats:italic>)<\/jats:italic>\n                    respectively when comparing the mild group to hospitalized group (severe\u2009+\u2009moderate). The Ct value is a clear predictor of SARS-CoV-2 severity. HLA-B44 and HLA-B08 were the most significant alleles associated with severe cases, emphasizing the association of human leukocyte antigen B alleles with disease severity and viral load in determining COVID-19 outcomes. These findings may contribute to the development of personalized medical management and improve strategies for COVID-19 control and prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36948-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:38:10Z","timestamp":1771321090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of human leukocyte antigen B genotypes with COVID-19 severity in Egyptian patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Reham","family":"Abdelmonem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shymaa","family":"Abdullah Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard Donkor","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Nabil Roshdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Hassan Hashish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"36948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2021.03.008","volume":"27","author":"JL Boechat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boechat, J. L., Chora, I., Morais, A. & Delgado, L. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 immunopathology \u2013 Current perspectives. Pulmonol 27 (5), 423\u2013437 (2021).","journal-title":"Pulmonol"},{"key":"36948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106356","volume":"180","author":"S Samadizadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samadizadeh, S. et al. COVID-19: why does disease severity vary among individuals? Respir Med. 180, 106356 (2021).","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"36948_CR3","unstructured":"Clinical management of COVID-19. Living guideline, 18 August 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2023.2 [Accessed 5 September 2023]."},{"issue":"9","key":"36948_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac463","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac463","volume":"9","author":"K Hagman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagman, K. et al. 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