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Label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) has shown moderate-to-high success in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, but it is unclear whether diagnostic accuracy can be enhanced by incorporating exogenous fluorophores that selectively accumulate in cancer. This study evaluated the performance of 5-ALA induced Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence and autofluorescence FLIm features to discriminate epithelial cancer and healthy tissues in a spontaneous large animal model of disease (15 pet dogs). Fluorescence emission parameters (e.g. lifetimes, intensity ratios, phasors and Laguerre coefficients) differed significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) between cancer and healthy tissues in both autofluorescence and PpIX channels. However, autofluorescence features, particularly lifetimes in Channel 1 (390\u00a0nm, collagen-sensitive) and intensity ratios in Channel 2 (470\u00a0nm, NADH-sensitive), provided the strongest in vivo discrimination. These results demonstrate that label-free FLIm alone is sufficient to distinguish epithelial oral cancers from healthy tissue in dogs, and that the addition of exogenous markers such as 5-ALA\u2013induced PpIX, does not markedly improve diagnostic accuracy enough to warrant incorporation into flourescence imaging approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37001-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:26:50Z","timestamp":1769160410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging can distinguish cancer from healthy tissue in spontaneously occurring canine oral tumors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Goldschmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katjana","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Birkeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangnan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Bec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba Alfonso","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Tipirneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Kampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Rebhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Vapniarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"37001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.2131","volume":"148","author":"SM Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long, S. 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