{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T19:59:16Z","timestamp":1794254356874,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recurrent caries continues to pose a major problem in restorative dentistry. Although numerous antimicrobial agents have been added to restorative materials, their effectiveness and their influence on the materials\u2019 mechanical properties are still uncertain. This study investigated the physicomechanical performance of glass ionomer cement (GIC) modified with green-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles prepared using Citrus aurantium seed extract (CA-TiO\u2082NPs). The novelty of this work lies in integrating a plant-mediated synthesis approach with systematic mechanical evaluation and preliminary in silico safety screening within a single proof-of-concept framework. CA-TiO\u2082NPs were synthesized via phytoreduction using C. aurantium seed extract and added to the powder phase of a conventional GIC at 5% and 10% w\/w. Flexural strength was evaluated according to ISO 9917-2:2017, water sorption and solubility according to ISO 4049:2009, and Vickers microhardness according to ASTM E384. The major bioactive constituents identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) were profiled. In addition, computational toxicological and ADME predictions were performed to provide early-stage safety indicators. While nanoparticle incorporation influenced selected mechanical parameters, flexural strength differences were not statistically significant. The 10% CA-TiO\u2082 NPs group exhibited the highest flexural modulus and microhardness (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and lowest water sorption and solubility. Additionally. In silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological analyses suggested a favorable preliminary safety profile of the phytochemical constituents, supporting proof-of-concept evaluation rather than clinical validation. The combination of green synthesis and mechanical testing, together with screening-level toxic informatics of major extract-associated metabolites, supports a proof-of-concept for improving CA TiO\u2082 NPs \u2013modified GIC properties while prioritizing safety-relevant endpoints for subsequent leachate and cytotoxicity testing. Clinical Significance: Computational integration strengthens the translational validity of green nanomaterial development by providing preliminary molecular-level safety indicators for phytochemical constituents potentially associated with the modified material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37048-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T21:34:03Z","timestamp":1770759243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Green-Synthesized titanium dioxide Nanoparticle\u2013Modified glass ionomer cement: in vitro and in Silico assessment of Mechanical, Physical, and safety properties performance"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8357-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Abozaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2799-6277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Ayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yomna","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2635-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Azab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Abd","family":"El-Aal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1164-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samy","family":"El-Safty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"37048_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sidhu, S. K. & Nicholson, J. W. A review of Glass-Ionomer cements for clinical dentistry. J. Funct. Biomater. 7 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb7030016 (2016).","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb7030016"},{"key":"37048_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03542-6","volume":"23","author":"TM Hamdy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamdy, T. M. Evaluation of compressive strength, surface microhardness, solubility and antimicrobial effect of glass ionomer dental cement reinforced with silver doped carbon nanotube fillers. BMC Oral Health. 23, 777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03542-6 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"37048_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bali, P., Prabhakar, A. R. & Basappa, N. An Invitro Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Antibacterial Activity of Conventional GIC and Hydroxyapatite Reinforced GIC in Different Storage Media. J Clin Diagn Res 9, Zc51-55, (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/jcdr\/2015\/13012.6205","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2015\/13012.6205"},{"key":"37048_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-025-00633-x","volume":"14","author":"D Ezzat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ezzat, D. et al. Phytomedicine and green nanotechnology: enhancing glass ionomer cements for sustainable dental restorations: a comprehensive review. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 14, 48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43088-025-00633-x (2025).","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"37048_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14288-2","volume":"15","author":"A Azab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Azab, A. et al. Systematic review and meta analysis of mechanical properties of 3D printed denture bases compared to milled and conventional materials. Sci. Rep. 15, 29207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14288-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"37048_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/tdj.tdj_55_19","volume":"17","author":"A Azab","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azab, A., El-Sheikh, A. & Abd-Allah, S. Stress analysis of short implants with different diameters in maxillary bilateral distal extension bases. Tanta Dent. J. 17, 73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tdj.tdj_55_19 (2020).","journal-title":"Tanta Dent. J."},{"key":"37048_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.21608\/asdj.2024.291266.1289","volume":"35","author":"A Azab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azab, A., Alam-Eldein, A. & Aboutaleb, F. Qualitative and radiographic assessment of PEEK bar versus titanium bar fabricated by CAD-CAM in mandibular hybrid prosthesis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ain Shams Dent. J. 35, 334\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/asdj.2024.291266.1289 (2024).","journal-title":"Ain Shams Dent. J."},{"key":"37048_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsuraifi, A. et al. State of art: a narrative review on navigating pathogenesis and therapies for genetic oral disorders. Frontiers Oral Maxillofacial Medicine 7 (2024).","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm-24-13"},{"key":"37048_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s40883-024-00382-w","volume":"11","author":"A Alsuraifi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alsuraifi, A. et al. Revolutionizing tooth regeneration: innovations from stem cells to tissue engineering. Regenerative Eng. Translational Med. 11, 625\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40883-024-00382-w (2025).","journal-title":"Regenerative Eng. Translational Med."},{"key":"37048_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01241-y","author":"W Abdelhady","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdelhady, W. et al. A systematic review on influence of printing layer thickness on the marginal and internal fit of 3D-printed fixed dental prostheses. Odontology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01241-y (2025).","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"37048_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.08.003","volume":"22","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takahashi, Y. et al. Antibacterial effects and physical properties of glass-ionomer cements containing chlorhexidine for the ART approach. Dent. Mater. 22, 647\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2005.08.003 (2006).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"37048_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-5712(02)00083-0","volume":"31","author":"M Toledano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toledano, M. et al. Sorption and solubility of resin-based restorative dental materials. J. Dent. 31, 43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0300-5712(02)00083-0 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"37048_CR13","unstructured":"Hajmiragha, H., Nokar, S., Alikhasi, M., Nikzad, S. & Dorriz, H. Solubility of three Luting cements in dynamic artificial saliva. Journal Dentistry Tehran Univ. Med. Sciences 5 (2008)."},{"key":"37048_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(94)90044-2","volume":"10","author":"SB Mitra","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mitra, S. B. & Kedrowski, B. L. Long-term mechanical properties of glass ionomers. Dent. Mater. 10, 78\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0109-5641(94)90044-2 (1994).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"37048_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01162-w","author":"D Abozaid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abozaid, D. et al. Bioactive restorative materials in dentistry: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, clinical applications, and future directions. Odontology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01162-w (2025).","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"37048_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alsuraifi, A. et al. Explore the most recent developments and upcoming outlooks in the field of dental nanomaterials. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 13 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43088-024-00540-7 (2024).","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-024-00540-7"},{"key":"37048_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01058-9","volume":"113","author":"D Ezzat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ezzat, D., Sheta, M. S., Kenawy, E. R., Eid, M. A. & Elkafrawy, H. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of experimental dental composite resin modified by grapefruit seed extract-mediated TiO\u2082 nanoparticles: green approach. Odontology 113, 1148\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01058-9 (2025).","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"37048_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-015-0145-9","volume":"9","author":"X Lv","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lv, X. et al. Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health. Chem. Cent. J. 9, 1\u201314 (2015).","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"37048_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2012.00201.x","volume":"11","author":"Y Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Heying, E. & Tanumihardjo, S. A. History, global distribution, and nutritional importance of citrus fruits. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 11, 530\u2013545 (2012).","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"37048_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannucci, C. et al. Clinical Pharmacology of Citrus aurantium and Citrus sinensis for the Treatment of Anxiety. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM (2018). (2018).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3624094"},{"key":"37048_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westanmo, A. Citrus aurantium. Herbal Products: Toxicol. Clin. Pharmacology, 233\u2013244 (2007).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-383-7_15"},{"key":"37048_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5832","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195832","volume":"26","author":"S Maksoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maksoud, S. et al. Citrus aurantium L. Active Constituents, biological effects and extraction methods. Updated Rev. Molecules. 26, 5832 (2021).","journal-title":"Updated Rev. Molecules"},{"key":"37048_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.116829","volume":"13","author":"V Bachhar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bachhar, V. et al. Green synthesis of AgFe bimetallic nanoparticles from calyptocarpus Vialis plant extract for enhanced catalytic reduction of 4-NP, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 13, 116829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2025.116829 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"37048_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bachhar, V., Joshi, V. & Antibacterial Antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized through ultrasonication assisted cold maceration from stem extract of euphorbia Hirta. Lett. Appl. Nanobiosci. 14 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33263\/LIANBS141.001 (2024).","DOI":"10.33263\/LIANBS141.001"},{"key":"37048_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.144570","volume":"1352","author":"V Joshi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Joshi, V. et al. Sustainable valorisation of onion Peel waste through silver nanoparticle synthesis: Antibacterial, antidiabetic and computational insights. J. Mol. Struct. 1352, 144570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.144570 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"37048_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2025.115900","volume":"183","author":"V Bachhar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bachhar, V. et al. Green synthesis of TiO2\/Ag\/Cu2O nanoparticles: antioxidant potential and in-vitro\/in-vivo antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic albino mice. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 183, 115900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inoche.2025.115900 (2026).","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"37048_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-025-10193-8","author":"V Joshi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joshi, V. et al. Bioactive compounds of Piper Chaba and their Pharmacological relevance: a phytochemistry-focused review. Phytochem. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11101-025-10193-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"37048_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-025-04452-2","author":"A Alsuraifi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alsuraifi, A. et al. Quantum dots: catalysts for a new era of precision medicine and biomedical innovation. J. Fluoresc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10895-025-04452-2 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc"},{"key":"37048_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joshi, V. et al. GC\u2013MS fingerprinting, nutritional composition, in vitro Pharmacological activities and molecular Docking studies of Piper Chaba from Uttarakhand region. 3 Biotech. 14 (158). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-024-03996-7 (2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-024-03996-7"},{"key":"37048_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-023-04640-5","volume":"196","author":"V Bachhar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bachhar, V., Joshi, V., Gangal, A., Duseja, M. & Shukla, R. K. Identification of bioactive Phytoconstituents, nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of calyptocarpus Vialis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 196, 1921\u20131947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-023-04640-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"37048_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashour, A. A. et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of glass ionomer cement in incorporation with biogenic Zingiber officinale capped Silver-Nanobiotic, chlorhexidine diacetate and lyophilized Miswak. Molecules 27 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27020528 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020528"},{"key":"37048_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58562","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.58562","volume":"16","author":"P Ilancheran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ilancheran, P., Paulraj, J., Maiti, S. & Shanmugam, R. Green Synthesis, Characterization, and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties and compressive strength of hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle-Incorporated glass ionomer cement. Cureus 16, e58562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.58562 (2024).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"37048_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siddiqui, A., Gul, A., Khan, H., Anjum, F. & Hussain, T. Bio-inspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles usingsalsola imbricataand its application as antibacterial additive in glass ionomer cement. Nanotechnology 35 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ad50e4 (2024).","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ad50e4"},{"key":"37048_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42717","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717","volume":"7","author":"A Daina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daina, A., Michielin, O. & Zoete, V. SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci. Rep. 7, 42717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep42717 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"37048_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W469","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae254","volume":"52","author":"Y Myung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Myung, Y., de S\u00e1, A. G. C. & Ascher, D. B. Deep-PK: deep learning for small molecule Pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 52, W469\u2013w475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkae254 (2024).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"37048_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W53","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku401","volume":"42","author":"MN Drwal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drwal, M. N., Banerjee, P., Dunkel, M., Wettig, M. R. & Preissner, R. ProTox: a web server for the in Silico prediction of rodent oral toxicity. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, W53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gku401 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"37048_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-025-00701-2","volume":"14","author":"D Abozaid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abozaid, D., Ayad, A. & Azab, A. Enhancing glass ionomer cement with citrus aurantium L. extract: a combined in vitro and in Silico investigation of antimicrobial and mechanical properties. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 14, 117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43088-025-00701-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"37048_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22078-z","volume":"15","author":"AK Tiwari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tiwari, A. K. et al. Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Kinnow Peel extracts and their antioxidant properties. Sci. Rep. 15, 38307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22078-z (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"37048_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mobeen Amanulla, A. & R, S. Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using orange peel extract for antibacterial, cytotoxicity and humidity sensor applications. Materials Today: Proceedings 8, 323\u2013331, (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.02.118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.02.118"},{"key":"37048_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-19-2791","volume":"2","author":"A Lawal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawal, A. et al. Phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography profiling of crude extracts from Senna occidentalis (leaves). J. Biotechnol. Biomedical Sci. 2, 12\u201321 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol. Biomedical Sci."},{"key":"37048_CR41","unstructured":"Firdouse, S., Alam, P. & J. I. J. o. P. Phytochemical investigation of extract of amorphophallus campanulatus tubers.Int. J. Phytomedicine 3, 32 (2011)."},{"key":"37048_CR42","unstructured":"Purewal, S. S. & J. J. N. P. P. R. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts of different pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) varieties. Agric. Food Sci. 4, 19\u201323 (2014)."},{"key":"37048_CR43","unstructured":"Raphael, E. J. G. A. R. J. o. E. S. & Toxicology. Phytochemical constituents of some leaves extract of Aloe vera and Azadirachta indica plant species.Glob. Adv. Res. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. 1, 014\u2013017 (2012)."},{"key":"37048_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/jep.S379805","volume":"15","author":"S Dubale","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dubale, S., Kebebe, D., Zeynudin, A., Abdissa, N. & Suleman, S. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of selected medicinal plants in Ethiopia. J. Exp. Pharmacol. 15, 51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jep.S379805 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"37048_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201301355","volume":"37","author":"M Asadollahi-Baboli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asadollahi-Baboli, M. & Aghakhani, A. Rapid analysis of O riganum Majorana L. fragrance using a nanofiber sheet, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and chemometrics. J. Sep. Sci. 37, 990\u2013996 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"37048_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2021.8.1.0152","volume":"8","author":"IC Eneke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eneke, I. C., Essien, E. B. & Wegu, M. O. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of bioactive components present in grape citrus Peel in Nigeria. GSC Adv. Res. Reviews. 8, 166\u2013174 (2021).","journal-title":"GSC Adv. Res. Reviews"},{"key":"37048_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2022.100312","volume":"5","author":"A Zeebaree","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeebaree, A. et al. Sustainable engineering of plant-synthesized TiO2 nanocatalysts: diagnosis, properties and their photocatalytic performance in removing of methylene blue dye from effluent. A review. Curr. Res. Green. Sustainable Chem. 5, 100312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crgsc.2022.100312 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Green. Sustainable Chem."},{"key":"37048_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128890","volume":"258","author":"H Mousa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mousa, H. et al. Development of environmentally friendly catalyst Ag-ZnO@cellulose acetate derived from discarded cigarette butts for reduction of organic dyes and its antibacterial applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 258, 128890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128890 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"37048_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2023.2277812","volume":"49","author":"BN Aldosari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aldosari, B. N. et al. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic Ag-Fe(3)O(4)@polymer hybrid nanocomposite systems with promising antibacterial application. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 49, 723\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03639045.2023.2277812 (2023).","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"37048_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onano.2022.100096","volume":"8","author":"S Bhullar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhullar, S., Goyal, N. & Gupta, S. A recipe for optimizing TiO2 nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. OpenNano 8, 100096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onano.2022.100096 (2022).","journal-title":"OpenNano"},{"key":"37048_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.554","volume":"43","author":"JM Rami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rami, J. M., Patel, C. D., Patel, C. M. & Patel, M. V. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of some synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles. Mater. Today: Proc. 43, 655\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.554 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"key":"37048_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20989-5","volume":"15","author":"D Abozaid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abozaid, D. et al. Antimicrobial mechanical and molecular Docking analysis of dental composite resin incorporating green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles from vitis vinifera extract. Sci. Rep. 15, 35042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-20989-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"37048_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2319\/083120-759.1","volume":"91","author":"GA de Morais Sampaio","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Morais Sampaio, G. A. et al. Antimicrobial properties, mechanics, and fluoride release of ionomeric cements modified by red propolis. Angle Orthod. 91, 522\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/083120-759.1 (2021).","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"37048_CR54","first-page":"384","volume":"3","author":"Standard test method for microhardness of materials","year":"1999","unstructured":"Standard test method for microhardness of materials. American society for testing and materials annual book of standards. Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Annual Book. Stand. 3, 384 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Annual Book. Stand."},{"key":"37048_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12119","volume":"27","author":"N Gonulol","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonulol, N., Ozer, S. & Sen Tunc, E. Water Sorption, Solubility, and color stability of Giomer restoratives. J. Esthet Restor. Dent. 27, 300\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jerd.12119 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Esthet Restor. Dent."},{"key":"37048_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.12.012","volume":"31","author":"MS Baig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baig, M. S., Dowling, A. H., Cao, X. & Fleming, G. J. A discriminatory mechanical testing performance indicator protocol for hand-mixed glass-ionomer restoratives. Dent. Mater. 31, 273\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2014.12.012 (2015).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"37048_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720140496","volume":"23","author":"R Garcia-Contreras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia-Contreras, R. et al. Mechanical, antibacterial and bond strength properties of nano-titanium-enriched glass ionomer cement. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 23, 321\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-775720140496 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"37048_CR58","unstructured":"Organization., I. S. & Dentistry Polymer-based restorative materials. (ISO 4049:2009). (2009)."},{"key":"37048_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228080002412821","DOI":"10.1177\/22808000241282184","volume":"22","author":"B Rami\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rami\u0107, B. et al. Physical and mechanical properties assessment of glass ionomer cements modified with TiO2 and Mg-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 22, 22808000241282184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22808000241282184 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"37048_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.03.010","volume":"44","author":"IA Moheet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moheet, I. A. et al. Evaluation of mechanical properties and bond strength of nano-hydroxyapatite-silica added glass ionomer cement. Ceram. Int. 44, 9899\u20139906 (2018).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"37048_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amin, F. et al. Effect of nanostructures on the properties of glass ionomer dental Restoratives\/Cements: A comprehensive narrative review. Mater. (Basel). 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14216260 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216260"},{"key":"37048_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2554-3","volume":"23","author":"M Moberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moberg, M., Brewster, J., Nicholson, J. & Roberts, H. Physical property investigation of contemporary glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials. Clin. Oral Investig. 23, 1295\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-018-2554-3 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig"},{"key":"37048_CR63","first-page":"88","volume":"10","author":"U Fathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fathi, U., Agha, M. & Ahmad, Z. The effect of the incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the mechanical and physical properties of glass ionomer cement. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 10, 88-91 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"37048_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/ijds.ijds_54_22","volume":"15","author":"H Baskar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baskar, H., Hari, A. & Anirudhan, S. Comparative evaluation of flexural Strength, modulus of Elasticity, and microleakage of three different glass ionomer restorative materials in class V Preparations \u2013 An in vitro study. Indian J. Dent. Sci. 15, 67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijds.ijds_54_22 (2023).","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"37048_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.22514\/jocpd.2024.089","volume":"48","author":"B P\u00e9rez-Castro","year":"2024","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Castro, B. et al. Comparison of the physical properties of glass ionomer modified with silver phosphate\/hydroxyapatite or titanium dioxide nanoparticles: in vitro study. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 48, 160\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22514\/jocpd.2024.089 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"37048_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175873601452080","DOI":"10.1177\/1758736014520809","volume":"5","author":"K Chun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chun, K., Choi, H. & Lee, J. Comparison of mechanical property and role between enamel and dentin in the human teeth. J. Dent. Biomech. 5, 1758736014520809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1758736014520809 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Biomech."},{"key":"37048_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705710388591","volume":"24","author":"S Zabihzadeh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zabihzadeh, S., Omidvar, A., Marandi, M., Mirmehdi, M. & Dastoorian, F. Physical and mechanical properties of rapeseed Waste-filled LLDPE composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 24, 447\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0892705710388591 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"37048_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01209-y","author":"D Abozaid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abozaid, D. et al. Effects of propolis-modified glass ionomer cement on antimicrobial activity and physico-mechanical properties: a systematic review. Odontology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01209-y (2025).","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"37048_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.15311\/selcukdentj.736307","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6K Hepdeniz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hepdeniz, \u00d6. K. & G\u00fcrdal, O. The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on microhardness and SEM-EDS analysis of glass ionomer cement and Amalgomer. Selcuk Dent. J. 8, 623\u2013628 (2021).","journal-title":"Selcuk Dent. J."},{"key":"37048_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2007.12.018","volume":"64","author":"K Kanehira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanehira, K. et al. Properties of TiO2\u2013polyacrylic acid dispersions with potential for molecular recognition. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces. 64, 10\u201315 (2008).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"37048_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roberts, H., Berzins, D. & Nicholson, J. Long-Term water balance evaluation in glass ionomer restorative materials. Mater. (Basel). 15 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15030807 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15030807"},{"key":"37048_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-025-02252-7","volume":"153","author":"DDL Chung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chung, D. D. L., Ozturk, M. & Xi, X. Drying-Participating water and drying-Induced air voids in the Post-curing drying of Cement-Based material. Transp. Porous Media. 153, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11242-025-02252-7 (2025).","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"37048_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05902-w","volume":"25","author":"MK \u00d6mero\u011flu","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6mero\u011flu, M. K. & Hekimo\u011flu, H. C. Evaluation of colour stability, water sorption and solubility of no-cap flowable bulk fill resin composites. BMC Oral Health. 25, 604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05902-w (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"37048_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071412","volume":"10","author":"LE Genaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Genaro, L. E., Anovazzi, G., Hebling, J. & Zuanon, A. C. C. Glass ionomer cement modified by resin with incorporation of nanohydroxyapatite: in vitro evaluation of Physical-Biological properties. Nanomaterials 10, 1412 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"37048_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120784","volume":"273","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Inflammatory tumor microenvironment responsive neutrophil exosomes-based drug delivery system for targeted glioma therapy. Biomaterials 273, 120784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120784 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"37048_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816652","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.816652","volume":"10","author":"FM Abed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abed, F. M. et al. Effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles on the quality of the chemical bond of glass ionomer cement dentine in primary teeth. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 816652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.816652 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"37048_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bachhar, V. et al. In-Vitro Antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anticancer activities of calyptocarpus Vialis extract and its integration with computational studies. ChemistrySelect 9 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/slct.202401414 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202401414"},{"key":"37048_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202403269","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202403269","volume":"22","author":"V Joshi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joshi, V. et al. Identification of potential anticancer phytochemicals of Piper Chaba by comprehensive molecular Docking, molecular dynamics simulation and In-Vitro studies. Chem. Biodivers. 22, e202403269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.202403269 (2025).","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"37048_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32317-y","author":"M Joshi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joshi, M. et al. Metabolite profiling and evaluation of antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial potential of thymus linearis Benth. Supported by molecular Docking and PASS prediction. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-32317-y (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"37048_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joshi, V. et al. Bioactive compounds of Piper Chaba and their Pharmacological relevance: a phytochemistry-focused review. Phytochem. Rev. 1\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11101-025-10193-8 (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-025-10193-8"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37048-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37048-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37048-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T23:02:52Z","timestamp":1770850972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37048-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["37048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-37048-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors confirm that they have participated in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"5890"}}