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In mice, infection outcomes are strongly influenced by host immunity and gut microbiome composition. The Oligo-MM\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    defined microbiota mouse model, containing a simplified community of 12 bacterial strains, offers a controlled system to study\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis and microbiome interactions. Defined or reduced-complexity microbiota models are increasingly used to investigate colonisation resistance and identify protective taxa. In this study, we compared Oligo-MM\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice with conventionally raised Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) mice to assess how microbiome complexity shapes infection. This allowed us to explore how microbiome complexity affects resistance to\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We performed an in vivo infection study to assess host responses and pathogen-related outcomes, alongside an ex vivo fermentation assay that simulated the murine distal colon, to monitor microbial dynamics. Building on our earlier work, we now demonstrate that in vivo, Oligo-MM\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice showed significantly higher\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    shedding in faeces during infection, whereas SPF mice progressively reduced\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels. Despite this,\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    dissemination to internal organs after three days of infection was similar in both models. Alterations to gut\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species following\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection were noteworthy. Ex vivo fermentation mirrored in vivo patterns, validating the Oligo-MM\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    system for mechanistic studies. Together, these results highlight the importance of microbiome complexity in modulating infection outcomes and establish a foundation for identifying protective taxa and mechanisms of colonization resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37294-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:57:41Z","timestamp":1773050261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the defined Oligo-MM12 microbiota on intestinal colonisation and dissemination of Listeria monocytogenes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kardokh Kaka","family":"Bra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias K. 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