{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:23:35Z","timestamp":1770978215026,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective treatment of oral homogeneous leukoplakia requires the use of an antioxidant with optimal properties to ensure a regression of the lesion with respect to size and colour, which is evaluated clinically and also with the help of salivary MDA levels. Despite the availability of various antioxidants, an improved standard evaluation system is needed for adjunct therapy of herbal antioxidants to widely systemically administered lycopene; a standardised evaluation system still needs to be improved. To develop a Comparative Cumulative Index (CCI) for assessment of regression of oral homogeneous leukoplakia that systematically evaluates and ranks adjunct herbal antioxidants to systemically administered lycopene based on their regression in size and colour of lesion and salivary MDA levels. CCI was developed through a structured process involving expert identification, panel discussions, and the establishment of scoring criteria. Two herbal antioxidants as an adjunct to systemically administered lycopene and lycopene alone (Groups A, B, C) were evaluated. Mean values for the core properties were calculated, and antioxidants were ranked accordingly. The total CCI for each antioxidant was computed based on the assigned scores for each property. Lesion size, lesion colour, and salivary MDA parameters all showed differences in CCI between the assessed treatment groups. Group C, with a 50% CCI. Group B\u2019s performance, with a CCI of 41%, is highlighted by deficiencies in several properties, whereas Group A came in third with a CCI of 34%. CCI provides a comprehensive antioxidant evaluation approach to assist practitioners in making informed decisions. The significance of balancing regression in lesion size and colour as well as salivary MDA levels is highlighted by Group C\u2019s high CCI. The results are in line with earlier studies that emphasized the significance of these traits in the treatment of oral homogeneous leukoplakia. The CCI makes it easier to compare adjunct antioxidant therapy based on empirical data and offers a reliable and equitable method of evaluating antioxidants. Future research should enhance the index and validate its use in a range of clinical contexts in order to improve treatment outcomes in oral homogeneous leukoplakia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37304-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T08:54:54Z","timestamp":1769331294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative cumulative index for assessment of regression of oral homogeneous leukoplakia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Chandak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Lohe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Chandak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palak","family":"Hirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyawan Singh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Khobragade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Rathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"37304_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.40791","volume":"32","author":"A Starzy\u0144ska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Starzy\u0144ska, A. et al. Estimation of oral leukoplakia treatment records in the research of the Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk. Adv. Dermatol. Allergol. \/Post\u0119py Dermatologii i Alergologii. 32(2), 114\u2013122 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol. \/Post\u0119py Dermatologii i Alergologii."},{"issue":"4","key":"37304_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-1363.155630","volume":"26","author":"JS Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel, J. S. et al. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of oral lycopene in combination with vitamin E and selenium in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol. 26(4), 369\u2013373 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"37304_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12339","volume":"45","author":"S Warnakulasuriya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya, S. & Ariyawardana, A. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a systematic review of observational studies. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 45(3), 155\u2013166 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"37304_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0390","volume":"9","author":"MA Kuriakose","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuriakose, M. A. et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase IIB trial of curcumin in oral leukoplakia. Cancer Prev. Res. 9(8), 683\u2013691 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"37304_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13612","volume":"45","author":"M Morvaridzadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morvaridzadeh, M. et al. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Food Biochem. 45(2), e13612 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"issue":"6","key":"37304_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8060185","volume":"8","author":"QQ Mao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mao, Q. Q. et al. Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods. 8(6), 185 (2019).","journal-title":"Foods."},{"issue":"2","key":"37304_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.56.135","volume":"56","author":"R Metgud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Metgud, R. & Bajaj, S. Evaluation of salivary and serum lipid peroxidation, and glutathione in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Oral Sci. 56(2), 135\u2013142 (2014).","journal-title":"J. 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