{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:47:01Z","timestamp":1788490021668,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the effects of exposure to a 2.45\u00a0GHz electromagnetic field (EMF) on rat testicular tissue, focusing on histological alterations and the potential activation of the HIF1A-VEGF pathway. Twenty-four adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into a control group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912) with no EMF exposure and an experimental group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912) exposed to 2.45\u00a0GHz microwave radiation (3\u00a0V\/m, SAR 0.00208\u00a0W\/kg) for one hour daily over 60 days. Following the exposure period, testicular tissues were analyzed for histopathological changes, VEGFA and HIF1A gene expression levels, and VEGFA protein concentration. In rat testicular tissue, while VEGFA gene expression (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and protein levels (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) increased in the EMF group, no significant change was detected in HIF1A gene expression levels in the EMF group compared to the control group. Histological examination revealed a significant reduction in seminiferous tubule diameter (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), epithelial thickness (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), tubule density (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and Sertoli cell count (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0098) in the EMF-exposed group. It may be concluded that EMF at 2.45\u00a0GHz increases HIF1A-independent VEGF levels, and EMF exposure may cause testicular damage by increasing VEGF gene expression levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37323-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:06:28Z","timestamp":1769511988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of wireless local area network exposure on testicular morphology and VEGF levels"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eser","family":"\u00c7akmak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bir\u015fen","family":"Bilgici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beg\u00fcm Korunur","family":"Engiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adem","family":"Kocaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"37323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31829b49bb","volume":"105","author":"KR Foster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foster, K. R. & Moulder, J. E. Wi-Fi and health: review of current status of research. Health Phys. 105, 561\u2013575 (2013).","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"37323_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:2<75::AID-BEM3>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"19","author":"FL Tabrah","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tabrah, F. L., Ross, P., Hoffmeier, M. & Gilbert, F. Jr. Clinical report on long-term bone density after short-term EMF application. Bioelectromagnetics 19, 75\u201378 (1998).","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"37323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2015.1076449","volume":"34","author":"L Vesselinova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vesselinova, L. Body mass index as a risk prediction and prevention factor for professional mixed low-intensity EMF burden. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 34, 238\u2013243 (2015).","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"37323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(89)90263-2","volume":"182","author":"HP Rodemann","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rodemann, H. P., Bayreuther, K. & Pfleiderer, G. The differentiation of normal and transformed human fibroblasts in vitro is influenced by electromagnetic fields. Exp. Cell. Res. 182, 610\u2013621 (1989).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res."},{"key":"37323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2004.09.005","volume":"1743","author":"FI Wolf","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wolf, F. I. et al. 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1743, 120\u2013129 (2005).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"37323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4081\/840","volume":"47","author":"A Chionna","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chionna, A. et al. Cell shape and plasma membrane alterations after static magnetic fields exposure. Eur. J. Histochem. 47, 299\u2013308 (2003).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"37323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.2400510401","volume":"51","author":"JL Phillips","year":"1993","unstructured":"Phillips, J. L. Effects of electromagnetic field exposure on gene transcription. J. Cell. Biochem. 51, 381\u2013386 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"37323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.47.307","volume":"47","author":"T Hisamitsu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hisamitsu, T. et al. Induction of apoptosis in human leukemic cells by magnetic fields. Jpn. J. Physiol. 47, 307\u2013310 (1997).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Physiol."},{"key":"37323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x","volume":"28","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., Bennetts, L. E., Sawyer, D., Wiklendt, A. M. & King, B. V. Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Int. J. Androl. 28, 171\u2013179 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"37323_CR10","first-page":"107","volume":"19","author":"S Dasdag","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dasdag, S. et al. Do cellular phones alter blood parameters and birth weight of rats? Electromagn. Biol. Med. 19, 107\u2013113 (2000).","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"37323_CR11","first-page":"468","volume":"24","author":"YN Cao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cao, Y. N., Zhang, Y. & Liu, Y. Zhonghua Lao dong Wei Sheng Zhi ye Bing Za Zhi\u2009=\u2009Zhonghua Laodong Weisheng Zhiyebing Zazhi\u2009=\u2009Chinese. J. Industrial Hygiene Occup. Dis. 24, 468\u2013470 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Industrial Hygiene Occup. Dis."},{"key":"37323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121627","volume":"321","author":"A Kilic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kilic, A., Ustunova, S., Bulut, H. & Meral, I. Pre and postnatal exposure to 900\u00a0MHz electromagnetic fields induce inflammation and oxidative stress, and alter renin-angiotensin system components differently in male and female offsprings. Life Sci. 321, 121627 (2023).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"37323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100\u00a0kHz to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 118, 483\u2013524 (2020).","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001210"},{"key":"37323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2012.39.1.1","volume":"39","author":"MC Gye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gye, M. C. & Park, C. J. Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the reproductive system. Clin. Experimental Reproductive Med. 39, 1\u20139 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Experimental Reproductive Med."},{"key":"37323_CR15","first-page":"785","volume":"67","author":"MA Al-Damegh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Damegh, M. A. Rat testicular impairment induced by electromagnetic radiation from a conventional cellular telephone and the protective effects of the antioxidants vitamins C and E. Clinics (Sao Paulo. Brazil) 67, 785\u2013792 (2012).","journal-title":"Brazil)"},{"key":"37323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.03.009","volume":"370","author":"NN Shahin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahin, N. N., El-Nabarawy, N. A., Gouda, A. S. & M\u00e9garbane, B. The protective role of spermine against male reproductive aberrations induced by exposure to electromagnetic field - An experimental investigation in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmcol. 370, 117\u2013130 (2019).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmcol."},{"key":"37323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2011.587929","volume":"30","author":"L Zeng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeng, L. et al. MnSOD expression inhibited by electromagnetic pulse radiation in the rat testis. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 30, 205\u2013218 (2011).","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"37323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/116019","volume":"27","author":"R G\u00f3rski","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00f3rski, R., Kotwicka, M., Skibi\u0144ska, I., Jendraszak, M. & Wosi\u0144ski, S. Effect of low-frequency electric field screening on motility of human sperm. Annals Agricultural Environ. Medicine: AAEM. 27, 427\u2013434 (2020).","journal-title":"Annals Agricultural Environ. Medicine: AAEM"},{"key":"37323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_126_19","volume":"13","author":"CE Okechukwu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okechukwu, C. E. Does the use of mobile phone affect male fertility? A Mini-Review. J. Hum. Reproductive Sci. 13, 174\u2013183 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reproductive Sci."},{"key":"37323_CR20","first-page":"685","volume":"36","author":"V Alm\u00e1\u0161iov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alm\u00e1\u0161iov\u00e1, V. et al. Potential influence of prenatal 2.45 ghz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on Wistar albino rat testis. Histol. Histopathol. 36, 685\u2013696 (2021).","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"37323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20448","volume":"30","author":"YW Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim, Y. W. et al. Effects of 60 hz 14 microt magnetic field on the apoptosis of testicular germ cell in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 30, 66\u201372 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"37323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(94)90066-3","volume":"320","author":"S Sarkar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sarkar, S., Ali, S. & Behari, J. Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis. Mutat. Res. 320, 141\u2013147 (1994).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"37323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v10i6.14","volume":"10","author":"L Hajhosseini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hajhosseini, L., Khaki, A., Merat, E. & Ainehchi, N. Effect of Rosmarinic acid on Sertoli cells apoptosis and serum antioxidant levels in rats after exposure to electromagnetic fields. Afr. J. Traditional Complement. Altern. Med. 10, 477\u2013480 (2013).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Traditional Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"37323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1680","volume":"32","author":"BM Tenorio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tenorio, B. M. et al. Jr. Evaluation of testicular degeneration induced by low-frequency electromagnetic fields. J. Appl. Toxicol. 32, 210\u2013218 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"37323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2297-2","volume":"363","author":"KM Sargent","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sargent, K. M., Clopton, D. T., Lu, N., Pohlmeier, W. E. & Cupp, A. S. VEGFA splicing: divergent isoforms regulate spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. Cell Tissue Res. 363, 31\u201345 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"37323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115779","volume":"22","author":"F Del Vento","year":"2021","unstructured":"Del Vento, F. et al. Accelerated and improved vascular maturity after transplantation of testicular tissue in hydrogels supplemented with VEGF- and PDGF-Loaded nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 5779 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"37323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-021-00098-x","volume":"38","author":"P Solek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solek, P. et al. Trade-offs between male fertility reduction and selected growth factors or the Klotho response in a lipopolysaccharide-dependent mouse model. Toxicol. Res. 38, 175\u2013186 (2021).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"37323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1159\/000088478","volume":"69","author":"P Carmeliet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carmeliet, P. VEGF as a key mediator of angiogenesis in cancer. Oncology 69, 4\u201310 (2005).","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"37323_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.114","volume":"10","author":"Y Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, Y. VEGF-targeted cancer therapeutics-paradoxical effects in endocrine organs. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 10, 530\u2013539 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"37323_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47116-5","volume":"269","author":"J Waltenberger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Waltenberger, J., Claesson-Welsh, L., Siegbahn, A., Shibuya, M. & Heldin, C. H. Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26988\u201326995 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"37323_CR31","first-page":"RA89","volume":"10","author":"J Jo\u015bko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jo\u015bko, J. & Mazurek, M. Transcription factors having impact on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in angiogenesis. Med. Sci. Monitor: Int. Med. J. Experimental Clin. Res. 10, RA89\u2013RA98 (2004).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monitor: Int. Med. J. Experimental Clin. Res."},{"key":"37323_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000045735","volume":"86","author":"F Schweda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schweda, F. et al. Effects of chronic hypoxia on renal PDGF-A, PDGF-B, and VEGF gene expression in rats. Nephron 86, 161\u2013166 (2000).","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"37323_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6290S","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-sup-040025","volume":"10","author":"WG Kaelin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaelin, W. G. Jr. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene and kidney cancer. Clin. Cancer Research: Official J. Am. Association Cancer Res. 10, 6290S\u201362905S (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Research: Official J. Am. Association Cancer Res."},{"key":"37323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R31","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0342","volume":"227","author":"KM Sargent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sargent, K. M., McFee, R. M., Gomes, S., Cupp, A. S. & R., & Vascular endothelial growth factor A: just one of multiple mechanisms for sex-specific vascular development within the testis? J. Endocrinol. 227, R31\u2013R50 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"37323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.06.029","volume":"72","author":"BB Aggarwal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aggarwal, B. B., Shishodia, S., Sandur, S. K., Pandey, M. K. & Sethi, G. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link? Biochem. Pharmacol. 72, 1605\u20131621 (2006).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"37323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2018.1503430","volume":"94","author":"B Bilgici","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bilgici, B., Gun, S., Avci, B., Akar, A. & Engiz, K. What is adverse effect of wireless local area network, using 2.45 GHz, on the reproductive system? Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 94, 1054\u20131061 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"37323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265\u2013275 (1951).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"37323_CR38","first-page":"826","volume":"13","author":"XF Gao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gao, X. F., Wang, S. M. & Peng, R. Y Zhonghua Nan Ke xue = Natl. J. Androl., 13, 826\u2013829. (2007).","journal-title":"Y Zhonghua Nan Ke xue = Natl. J. Androl."},{"key":"37323_CR39","first-page":"322","volume":"17","author":"S Shokri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shokri, S., Soltani, A., Kazemi, M., Sardari, D. & Mofrad, F. B. Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) exposure on Apoptosis, sperm parameters and testicular histomorphometry in rats: A time course study. Cell. J. 17, 322\u2013331 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell. J."},{"key":"37323_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233710389851","volume":"27","author":"M Saygin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saygin, M. et al. Testicular apoptosis and histopathological changes induced by a 2.45 ghz electromagnetic field. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 27, 455\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748233710389851 (2011).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"37323_CR41","first-page":"414","volume":"23","author":"R Hong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hong, R., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y. & Weng, E. Q. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on DNA of testicular cells and sperm chromatin structure in mice. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 23, 414\u2013417 (2005).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"37323_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0758","volume":"84","author":"L Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng, L. et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields increase angiogenesis and improve cardiac function after myocardial ischemia in mice. Circulation Journal: Official J. Japanese Circulation Soc. 84, 186\u2013193 (2020).","journal-title":"Circulation Journal: Official J. Japanese Circulation Soc."},{"key":"37323_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03450-8","volume":"47","author":"H Asci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asci, H. et al. Combined pulsed magnetic field and radiofrequency electromagnetic field enhances MMP-9, Collagen-4, VEGF synthesis to improve wound healing via Hif-1\u03b1\/eNOS pathway. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 47, 2841\u20132852 (2023).","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"37323_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8053","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218053","volume":"21","author":"F Vincenzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vincenzi, F. et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulate HIF-1\u03b1-Independent VEGF release in 1321N1 human astrocytes protecting Neuron-Like SH-SY5Y cells from Oxygen-Glucose deprivation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 8053 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"37323_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.01.133","volume":"329","author":"C He","year":"2005","unstructured":"He, C. & Chen, X. Transcription regulation of the Vegf gene by the BMP\/Smad pathway in the angioblast of zebrafish embryos. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 329, 324\u2013330 (2005).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"37323_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.9-suppl_1-2","volume":"9","author":"N Ferrara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferrara, N. Vascular endothelial growth factor as a target for anticancer therapy. Oncologist 9, 2\u201310 (2004).","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"37323_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.869752","volume":"34","author":"S Dasdag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dasdag, S., Ta\u015f, M., Akdag, M. Z. & Yegin, K. Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 ghz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 34, 37\u201342 (2015).","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"37323_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00940.x","volume":"33","author":"N Salama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salama, N., Kishimoto, T. & Kanayama, H. O. Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit. Int. J. Androl. 33, 88\u201394 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"37323_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13834","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13834","volume":"52","author":"M. Shokri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shokri, M., Shamsaei, M. E., Malekshah, A. K. & Amiri, F. T. The protective effect of melatonin on radiofrequency electromagnetic fields of mobile phone-induced testicular damage in an experimental mouse model. Andrologia 52, e13834 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/and.13834","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"37323_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.890988","volume":"77","author":"V Alm\u00e1\u0161iov\u00e1","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alm\u00e1\u0161iov\u00e1, V. et al. Structural and ultrastructural study of rat testes influenced by electromagnetic radiation. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 77, 747\u2013750 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"37323_CR51","first-page":"391","volume":"34","author":"V \u0160imaiov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0160imaiov\u00e1, V. et al. The effect of 2.45 ghz non-ionizing radiation on the structure and ultrastructure of the testis in juvenile rats. Histol. Histopathol. 34, 391\u2013403 (2019).","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"37323_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071286","volume":"16","author":"L Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Effects of 220\u00a0MHz pulsed modulated radiofrequency field on the sperm quality in rats. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 16, 1286 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"37323_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22578","volume":"33","author":"S Shahin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shahin, S., Singh, S. P. & Chaturvedi, C. M. 2.45 ghz microwave radiation induced oxidative and nitrosative stress mediated testicular apoptosis: involvement of a p53 dependent bax-caspase-3 mediated pathway. Environ. Toxicol. 33, 931\u2013945 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"37323_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.2870","volume":"26","author":"M Ozguner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ozguner, M. et al. Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Med. J. 26, 405\u2013410 (2005).","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37323-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37323-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37323-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:12:18Z","timestamp":1781629938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37323-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["37323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-37323-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the Ondokuz May\u0131s University Ethics Committee for this study (Project Acceptance Number: 2020\/36).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"6387"}}