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Using the melt-quenching method, the glass systems [0] with x\u2009=\u20090, 1, 3, and 5\u00a0mol% were prepared. Density measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV\u2013Vis\u2013NIR spectroscopy were employed to analyze the structural, physical, and optical properties systematically. The results show that increasing Sb\u2082O\u2083 content raises the glass density, refractive index, and oxygen packing density, while reducing the molar volume and optical band gap. These changes contribute to forming a more compact glass network. Using Phy-X\/PSD software, the radiation shielding coefficients, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), and half-value layer (HVL), were determined. The sample with 5\u00a0mol% Sb\u2082O\u2083 demonstrated the best gamma-ray shielding performance, especially at low photon energies, owing to the high atomic number and density of Sb. The findings suggest that Sb\u2082O\u2083 functions as an effective dopant to improve the optical nonlinearity and radiation protection capacity of borate-based glasses, making them promising candidates for transparent shielding in medical, nuclear, and industrial environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37686-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T19:46:15Z","timestamp":1771875975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimizing gamma radiation shielding of low bismuth borate glass via antimony addition: optical and physical insights"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Hafez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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