{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T10:30:43Z","timestamp":1771324243220,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37693-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:13:57Z","timestamp":1769793237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Caregiver acceptability, and uptake of voluntary medical circumcision among male children under 5 years in Gulu city, Northern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Donald","family":"Otika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morrish Obol","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimmyy","family":"Opee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackline","family":"Ayikoru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James Nelson","family":"Okema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Olum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Ajilong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Akera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph Baruch","family":"Baluku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pebalo Francis","family":"Pebolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Ebbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Bongomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"37693_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1001.x","volume":"83","author":"WD Dunsmuir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dunsmuir, W. D. & Gordon, E. M. The history of circumcision. BJU Int. 83, 1\u201312 (1999).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"37693_CR2","unstructured":"Warees, W. M., Anand, S., Leslie, S. W. & Rodriguez, A. M. Circumcision. StatPearls (2024)."},{"key":"37693_CR3","first-page":"e756","volume":"130","author":"S Blank","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blank, S. et al. Male Circumcision Pediatrics 130, e756\u2013e785 (2012).","journal-title":"Male Circumcision Pediatrics"},{"key":"37693_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.05.015","volume":"59","author":"K Pinto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pinto, K. Circumcision controversies. Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 59, 977\u2013986 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"37693_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e436","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30567-9","volume":"7","author":"T Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan, T. et al. Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. Lancet Glob Heal. 7, e436\u2013e447 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"37693_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpm.2012.21012","volume":"02","author":"BJ Morris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morris, B. J. et al. Infant male circumcision: an evidence-based policy statement. Open. J. Prev. Med. 02, 79\u201392 (2012).","journal-title":"Open. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"37693_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00246-5","volume":"7","author":"A Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas, A. et al. Penile cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 7, 11 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"37693_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000390708.66136.f4","volume":"24","author":"HA Weiss","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weiss, H. A., Dickson, K. E., Agot, K. & Hankins, C. A. Male circumcision for HIV prevention: current research and programmatic issues. AIDS 24 (Suppl 4), S61\u2013S69 (2010).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"37693_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Preventing HIV through safe voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics: recommendations and key considerations. World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"37693_CR10","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia. (2010)."},{"key":"37693_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Traditional male circumcision among young people: A public health perspective in the context of HIV prevention. World Health Organization; 2009. pp. 1\u201354."},{"key":"37693_CR12","unstructured":"Llewellyn, E. & Infant Circumcision A Tipping Point for HIV Prevention. Usaid Frontlines at http:\/\/transition.usaid.gov\/press\/frontlines\/fl_may12\/FL_may12_U5_SWAZILAND.html#.UCsZU1_CReE.mendeley"},{"key":"37693_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0298387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298387","volume":"19","author":"B Elsayed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elsayed, B. et al. Estimates of the prevalence of male circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa from 2010\u20132023\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 19, e0298387 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"37693_CR14","first-page":"e110","volume":"59","author":"C Rediger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rediger, C. & Muller, A. J. Parents\u2019 rationale for male circumcision. Can. Fam Physician. 59, e110\u2013e115 (2013).","journal-title":"Can. Fam Physician"},{"key":"37693_CR15","unstructured":"UDHS & ICF. Uganda Demographic Health Survey. (2016)."},{"key":"37693_CR16","unstructured":"MOH, UPHIA, M. of H. U. U. P. H. impact A. U Ganda P Opulation - Based Hiv I Mpact a Ssessment. 0\u2013252 (2019)."},{"key":"37693_CR17","unstructured":"Lamaniyo N. (2019). Factors associated with parents\u2019 decision to circumcise male children aged. 0\u20135 years in nangabo sub-county, wakiso district, Uganda_ A community survey."},{"key":"37693_CR18","first-page":"496","volume":"18","author":"MWY Leung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leung, M. W. Y., Tang, P. M. Y., Chao, N. S. Y. & Liu, K. K. W. Hong Kong Chinese parents\u2019 attitudes towards circumcision. Hong Kong Med. J. = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 18, 496\u2013501 (2012).","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J. = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"37693_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2290","volume":"130","author":"MR Young","year":"2012","unstructured":"Young, M. R. et al. Factors associated with uptake of infant male circumcision for HIV prevention in Western Kenya. Pediatrics 130, e175\u2013e182 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"37693_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2031-8","volume":"17","author":"M Sekhon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sekhon, M., Cartwright, M. & Francis, J. J. Acceptability of healthcare interventions: an overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework. BMC Health Serv. Res. 17, 88 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"37693_CR21","unstructured":"Mungyereza, P. Area Specific Profiles Gulu District. 8\u201320 (2017)."},{"key":"37693_CR22","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Safe, voluntary, informed male circumcision and comprehensive HIV prevention programming: guidance for decision-makers on human rights, ethical and legal considerations. UNAIDS; 2008. pp. 1\u201334."},{"key":"37693_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntshiqa T, Musekiwa A, Manesen R, Mdose H, Ngoma N, Kuonza L, Dlamini T, Reddy C, Williams S. Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and acceptability of medical male circumcision among males in traditionally circumcising rural communities of Alfred Nzo District, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(23):7091.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20237091"},{"key":"37693_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00402-5","volume":"78","author":"V Raghupathi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raghupathi, V. & Raghupathi, W. The influence of education on health: an empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995\u20132015. Arch. Public. Heal. 78, 20 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Public. Heal"},{"key":"37693_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2014.941722","volume":"9","author":"R Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L. & Michie, S. Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review. Health Psychol. Rev. 9, 323\u2013344 (2015).","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"37693_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"S Kulkarni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kulkarni, S. et al. Role of information sources in vaccination uptake: insights from a Cross-Sectional household survey in Sierra Leone, 2019. Glob Heal Sci. Pract. 10, 1\u201312 (2022).","journal-title":"Glob Heal Sci. Pract."},{"key":"37693_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209172","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209172","volume":"13","author":"KF Ortblad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ortblad, K. F. et al. Predictors of male circumcision incidence in a traditionally non-circumcising South African population-based cohort. PLoS One. 13, e0209172 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37693-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37693-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37693-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:35:11Z","timestamp":1771320911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-37693-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["37693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-37693-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study sought protocol approval from the Gulu University Research Ethics Committee (GUREC-2024-902). In addition to obtaining approval from the appropriate institutional ethics committee, we confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. Administrative clearances were obtained from City Clerk and Chief Administrative Officer and the division mayor of the selected study sites. We also sought permission from Gulu City Health Officer. All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report and the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations and informed consent"}}],"article-number":"6748"}}