{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:40:35Z","timestamp":1783150835510,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dental caries and periodontitis are the most frequently diagnosed dental diseases worldwide. Their occurrence is age-dependent and, due to their widespread prevalence, they represent a major public health challenge. Further research is essential to identify factors that can be used to develop more effective prevention strategies. Potential factors contributing to the development of caries and periodontitis may be identified at the molecular level. Aquaporins (AQPs) are interesting candidate molecules in this context. Among them, AQP9, known for its role as a permeable channel for water, glycerol and other small molecules, has attracted considerable scientific interest in recent years. In this study we examined if AQP9 could serve as a biomarker for caries and periodontitis. The OKAPI study, a prospective observational study, enrolled patients in a dental practice and an oral and maxillofacial plastic surgery clinic. Clinical data like PSI-index and DMFT-Index were recorded and documented. Saliva samples were collected and RNA was isolated from saliva. cDNA was synthesized from the samples and qRT-PCR was performed using specific primers for AQP9 and ACTB (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009159; 40.9% male). 39.4% of probands had severe caries and 15.3% had periodontitis. AQP9 mRNA expression was increased in patients with severe caries compared to milder forms (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0120), and increased AQP9 expression was also detected in patients with periodontitis compared to unaffected individuals (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0364). An AQP9 cut-off value was calculated to discriminate patients with and without severe caries. The groups below and above the cut-off differed only in the variables presence of severe caries or periodontitis and age: a binary logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for caries (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009) and periodontitis (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.023) and led to the conclusion that the AQP9 cut-off was most relevant. AQP9 mRNA expression is associated with the prevalence of caries or periodontitis and could represent a novel biomarker.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37980-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:35:54Z","timestamp":1771014954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Salivary AQP9 mRNA expression is associated with caries and periodontitis prevalence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Baumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Rump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Ziehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjoern","family":"Koos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Adamzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Orlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Pakosch-Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"37980_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S377","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2018.09.17","volume":"9","author":"M Folwaczny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Folwaczny, M., Bauer, F. & Gr\u00fcnberg, C. Significance of oral health in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther. 9, S377-s387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/cdt.2018.09.17 (2019).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"37980_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517693566","volume":"96","author":"NJ Kassebaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kassebaum, N. J. et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. J. Dent. Res. 96, 380\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034517693566 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"87","key":"37980_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12398","volume":"2000","author":"YL Kapila","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kapila, Y. L. Oral health\u2019s inextricable connection to systemic health: Special populations bring to bear multimodal relationships and factors connecting periodontal disease to systemic diseases and conditions. Periodontology 2000(87), 11\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12398 (2021).","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"37980_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-021-03359-0","volume":"64","author":"S Ziller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ziller, S., Jordan, A. R. & Oesterreich, D. Oral health goals for Germany 2030: Reduction of caries and periodontitis and improvement of prevention. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 64, 821\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-021-03359-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"37980_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.105933","volume":"161","author":"F Veenman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Veenman, F. et al. Oral microbiota of adolescents with dental caries: A systematic review. Arch. Oral Biol. 161, 105933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.105933 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"37980_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-016-0863-4","volume":"34","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, X., Kaczor-Urbanowicz, K. E. & Wong, D. T. Salivary biomarkers in cancer detection. Med. Oncol. 34, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12032-016-0863-4 (2017).","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"37980_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495206","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1495206","volume":"15","author":"K Rump","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rump, K. & Adamzik, M. Aquaporins in sepsis\u2014An update. Front. Immunol. 15, 1495206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1495206 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"37980_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070804","volume":"16","author":"K Rump","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rump, K. et al. Aquaporin mRNA in human saliva. Genes 16, 804 (2025).","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"37980_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02355","volume":"9","author":"S De Santis","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Santis, S. et al. Aquaporin 9 contributes to the maturation process and inflammatory cytokine secretion of murine dendritic cells. Front. Immunol. 9, 2355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02355 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"37980_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.900906","volume":"13","author":"S Mohammad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammad, S. et al. RG100204, a novel Aquaporin-9 inhibitor, reduces septic cardiomyopathy and multiple organ failure in murine sepsis. Front. Immunol. 13, 900906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.900906 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"37980_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7415-1_13","volume":"1398","author":"Y Quan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quan, Y., Kan, B. & Yang, B. Aquaporins in immune system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1398, 195\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-7415-1_13 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. 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Aquaporin 1 and 5 expression evoked by the \u03b22 adrenoreceptor agonist terbutaline and lipopolysaccharide in mice and in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 is differentially regulated. Shock 40, 430\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/shk.0000000000000035 (2013).","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"37980_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032401","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1032401","volume":"14","author":"S Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, S. et al. Identifying crosstalk genetic biomarkers linking a neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and periodontitis using integrated bioinformatics analyses. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14, 1032401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1032401 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"37980_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05017-y","volume":"27","author":"D Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. 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All experimental protocols were approved by the medical faculty of the Ruhr University Bochum (23-7821-BR, date of approval: 07.06.2023) and the Ethics committee of the Westphalia-Lippe Medical Association (2023-416-b-S, date of approval 26.07.2023). Written informed consent was obtained from participants to participate in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The trial was registered in the German Clinical Trial Registry (DRKS), the trial registration number is DRKS00032425 and the date of registration was August 16, 2023.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Trial registration"}}],"article-number":"6507"}}