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The predominant resistance pattern was combined resistance to ampicillin (17.8%) and tetracycline (12%), with plasmid-associated resistance genes\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM\u22121<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (A)\/\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B). The study identified the first ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain (88\/Ec2) in an urban rat in Hungary, harboring the gene\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX\u2212M\u22121<\/jats:sub>\n                    on an approximately 92\u00a0kb IncI1 plasmid pCTX-M-1_88\/Ec2. Comparative plasmid analysis showed 98% structural similarity to CTX-M-1 plasmids from human-derived pathogens. Strain 88\/Ec2 was serotyped as O168:H38 and assigned to a novel sequence type, ST17982. Phylogenetically, it exhibits a central relationship to human CTX-M\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineages, suggesting a shared genomic background with globally disseminated, human epidemic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineages. These findings highlight the role of urban brown rats as reservoirs and potential vectors of antimicrobial resistance within the One Health framework and advocate for enhanced surveillance of AMR in urban wildlife to better understand and mitigate the zoonotic transfer of resistance genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38191-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T03:16:43Z","timestamp":1770866203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in Hungarian wild rats and characterization of a CTX-M-1 type ESBL plasmid"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ama","family":"Szmolka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Locsm\u00e1ndi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Mak\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9l","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Gell\u00e9rt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Egyed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"38191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC. 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