{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:03:03Z","timestamp":1785214983269,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fayoum University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    L., a globally vital C\u2084 cereal, is increasingly threatened by fall armyworm (FAW),\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    (J. E. Smith), a destructive and insecticide-resistant pest. This study developed a nano-enabled strategy integrating green-synthesized SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles (GS-SiNPs) for plant fortification with nano-formulated emamectin benzoate (EMB-NPs) for enhanced insecticidal activity. Laboratory bioassays on 4\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    -instar FAW larvae evaluated acute toxicity (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    and LC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and detoxification enzyme activity. A field experiment in Egypt, autumn 2024 used a randomized complete block design to test two foliar sprays on maize in ten treatments with four replicates. Larval counts, leaf damage, anatomy, photosynthesis, leaf area (LA) plant\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Si content, and yield were assessed. Laboratorially, LC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    (ppm) values were 93.6 (EMB-NPs), and 122.7 (EMB bulk), with GS-SiNPs exhibiting the steepest (5.18). GS-SiNPs with EMB bulk or EMB-NPs exhibited LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 102.0 and 71.8\u00a0ppm, respectively, indicating a synergistic effect of both mixtures. EMB bulk\u2009+\u2009GS-SiNPs and EMB-NPs\u2009+\u2009GS-SiNPs suppressed larval detoxification enzymes. Field results revealed 100% initial larval mortality. The \u00bdEMB-NPs\u2009+\u2009GS-SiNPs reduced leaf damage by 64.2% after the 1\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    spray, while \u00beEMB-NPs\u2009+\u2009GS-SiNPs achieved 86.4% after the 2\n                    <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n                    spray. This treatment also induced significant anatomical modification, increasing blade, midvein, and vascular bundle thickness. It enhanced photosynthesis, leaf Si, and LA plant\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and boosted yield by 54.5% vis-\u00e0-vis control. Combining GS-SiNPs with EMB-NPs, particularly \u00beEMB-NPs\u2009+\u2009GS-SiNPs, enhanced EMB bioefficacy and suppressed FAW detoxification while improving maize\u2019s physio-anatomical resilience. This nano-enabled sustainable strategy offers a dose-efficient and eco-friendly approach for FAW management and maize productivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38530-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T13:14:43Z","timestamp":1772543683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nano-enabled plant fortification: green-synthesized SiO2 and emamectin benzoate nanoparticles synergistically boost maize defense and agronomic performance against Spodoptera frugiperda infestation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9356-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Abdelbaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa F. El","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A. A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda R. K.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"38530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617009","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2020.617009","volume":"4","author":"U Grote","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grote, U., Fasse, A., Nguyen, T. T. & Erenstein, O. Food security and the dynamics of wheat and maize value chains in Africa and Asia. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 4, 617009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsufs.2020.617009 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. 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