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In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the natural bioactive potential of mushrooms and the levels of toxic elements. In this study, six edible mushroom species,\n                    <jats:italic>Infundibulicybe geotropa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Tricholoma populinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Tricholoma scalpturatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Morchella importuna<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Laccaria laccata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pholiota carbonaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    , collected from their natural habitats in Bing\u00f6l and Van provinces of T\u00fcrkiye, were investigated. Mushroom samples were collected from 2018 to 2020. The phenolic content and bioactivity of ethanol-extracted mushrooms were analyzed to determine their antioxidant bioactivity profiles. Simultaneously, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the amounts of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in the mushroom samples. The accuracy of the ICP\u2013MS measurements was assessed using certified reference materials (CRMs), and recoveries were calculated as the ratio between measured and accredited values, ranging from 87.0% to 92.1%. The results were used to calculate the total carcinogenic risk (TCR), target hazard coefficient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and estimated daily intake (EDI) for adults and children. Monte Carlo simulation was also used to perform a probabilistic risk assessment, taking into account uncertainty in the exposure parameters. Antioxidant activity has been observed in mushroom species. Among mushrooms with antioxidant capacity,\n                    <jats:italic>T. scalpturatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not appear to pose a non-carcinogenic risk in adults due to elemental impurities (HI\u2009&lt;\u20091); however, this risk increases in children and may pose a health risk (HI\u2009&gt;\u20091). All mushrooms were found to pose a potential carcinogenic health concern (TCR\u2009\u2265\u20091\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20094<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) to adults and children, and their consumption may pose a potential health risk.\n                    <jats:italic>L. laccata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in particular, stands out as the riskiest species for public health, with both low antioxidant activity and high elemental contamination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38659-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:22:44Z","timestamp":1773163364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of elemental impurities and bioactive compounds in six wild mushrooms using Monte Carlo simulation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6759-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadime","family":"Canbolat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6049-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5266-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emine","family":"Okumu\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faruk","family":"Ayata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"38659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.30616\/ajb.498433","volume":"3","author":"E \u015eelem","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u015eelem, E., Kele\u015f, A., Acar, \u0130. & Demirel, K. 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