{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:50:06Z","timestamp":1787791806547,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia via the Higher Education Center of Excellence","award":["A305-KR-AKH002-0004401005-0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A305-KR-AKH002-0004401005-0000"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research in Engineering, Science and Technology","award":["304\/CIPPM\/6150181\/C121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/CIPPM\/6150181\/C121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Efficient and timely detection of biomarkers for typhoid fever is pivotal for improving treatment outcomes and preventing further transmission of the disease. This study addresses the pressing need for a rapid and accurate point-of-care test to detect\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi HlyE antigen, a vital biomarker for typhoid fever. Leveraging the growing prominence of computer-based simulations for aptamer-protein interactions modelling and electrochemical biosensors for their high sensitivity, this study presents the development of a novel electrochemical aptasensor designed to accurately and effectively detect\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi HlyE antigen in blood samples of typhoid patients. We previously identified and characterized selective aptamers against HlyE antigen, and identified AptHlyE97 as the aptamer with highest binding affinity and selectivity. In this study we showed that AptHlyE97 formed the most stable complex with HlyE in molecular docking and dynamics simulations and an unbound 5\u2019 end to enable conjugation to the sensor surface. The aptasensor features AptHlyE97 conjugated via thiol immobilization to the surface of a screen-printed gold electrode, and utilizing potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide for electrochemical detection. The aptasensor showed a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) square wave voltammetry (SWV) response to HlyE with a diagnostic performance of 100% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity against other bacterial communicable disease pathogens. Additionally, the aptasensor exhibited a strong linear response with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.158 ng\/mL. We present here a novel diagnostic aptasensor capable of efficiently and selectively detecting the HlyE antigen from\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi. This aptasensor provides a robust foundation for future research in typhoid diagnosis and also highlights the potential impact in advancing point-of-care detection strategies in community settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38666-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:44:29Z","timestamp":1772120669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structure-guided development of an electrochemical aptasensor for Salmonella Typhi HlyE antigen detection using in silico and experimental approaches"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Ahmad Najib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairul Mohd Fadzli","family":"Mustaffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hafiznur","family":"Yunus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene Boon Beng","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasturi","family":"Selvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Fazli","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Syafiq","family":"Awang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asrulnizam Abd","family":"Manaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazmin","family":"Bustami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibah A.","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Aziah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"38666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7207a2","volume":"72","author":"M Hancuh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hancuh, M. et al. Typhoid fever Surveillance, incidence Estimates, and progress toward typhoid conjugate vaccine Introduction \u2014 Worldwide, 2018\u20132022. Morb Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 72 (7), 171\u2013176 (2023).","journal-title":"Morb Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad055","volume":"10","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Taking on typhoid: eliminating typhoid fever as a global health problem. Open. Forum Infect. Dis. 10 (1), S74\u201381 (2023).","journal-title":"Open. Forum Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"A Diwaker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diwaker, A. et al. Enteric fever and the diagnostic tools: defining the accuracy. Front. Bacteriol. 3 (1), 1\u201311 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27909-5","volume":"13","author":"A Geteneh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geteneh, A., Tadesse, S., Biset, S., Girma, L. & Fissiha, P. Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected Cases, Northeast, Ethiopia. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 649 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"38666_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2022.2012453","volume":"22","author":"SN Frempong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frempong, S. N., King, N. & Sagoo, G. S. The Cost-Effectiveness of using rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in patients with suspected typhoid fever: A systematic review. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 22 (3), 391\u2013397 (2022).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"38666_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2329_21","volume":"11","author":"V Saini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saini, V. & Duggal, N. Comparison of rapid tests (Antigen vs. Antibody) for the diagnosis of typhoid in the first and second weeks of fever. J. Fam Med. Prim. Care. 11 (7), 3730\u20133734 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Fam Med. Prim. Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"38666_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"2017","author":"L Wijedoru","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wijedoru, L., Mallett, S. & Parry, C. M. Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (Enteric) fever. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017 (5), 1\u201344 (2017).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"38666_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007303","volume":"13","author":"P Arora","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arora, P., Thorlund, K., Brenner, D. R. & Andrews, J. R. Comparative accuracy of typhoid diagnostic tools: A bayesian Latent-Class network analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13 (5), e0007303 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad120","volume":"10","author":"J Sapkota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sapkota, J. et al. Diagnostics for typhoid fever: current perspectives and future outlooks for product development and access. Open. Forum Infect. Dis. 10 (1), 17\u201320 (2023).","journal-title":"Open. Forum Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"38666_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-022-05533-w","volume":"189","author":"X-F Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, X-F., Zhao, X. & Yang, Z. Aptasensors for the detection of infectious pathogens: design strategies and Point-Of-Care testing. Microchim. Acta. 189 (12), 443 (2022).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"38666_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020383","volume":"27","author":"MM Aljohani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aljohani, M. M. et al. Aptamers: potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents for blood diseases. Molecules 27 (2), 383 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010090","volume":"15","author":"M Majdinasab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Majdinasab, M., Badea, M. & Marty, J. L. Aptamer-Based lateral flow assays: current trends in clinical diagnostic rapid tests. Pharmaceuticals 15 (1), 90 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"13","key":"38666_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136833","volume":"25","author":"M Domsicova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Domsicova, M., Korcekova, J., Poturnayova, A. & Breier, A. New insights into aptamers: an alternative to antibodies in the detection of molecular biomarkers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25 (13), 6833 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"38666_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13040522","volume":"13","author":"JI Omage","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omage, J. I. et al. Cancer diagnostics and early detection using electrochemical aptasensors. Micromachines 13 (4), 522 (2022).","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78685-9","volume":"14","author":"M Ahmad Najib","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmad Najib, M. et al. Isolation and characterization of DNA aptamers against the HlyE antigen of Salmonella Typhi. Sci. Rep. 14 (1), 28416 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"38666_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13050569","volume":"13","author":"Y Aslan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aslan, Y. et al. Aptamer-Based Point-of-Care devices: emerging technologies and integration of computational methods. Biosensors 13 (5), 569 (2023).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"22","key":"38666_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8420","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228420","volume":"21","author":"AA Buglak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buglak, A. A., Samokhvalov, A. V., Zherdev, A. V. & Dzantiev, B. B. Methods and applications of in Silico aptamer design and modeling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21 (22), 8420 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"38666_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200904566","volume":"21","author":"T Hianik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hianik, T. & Wang, J. Electrochemical Aptasensors \u2013 Recent achievements and perspectives. Electroanalysis 21 (11), 1223\u20131235 (2009).","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010001","volume":"13","author":"MR Hasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasan, M. R. et al. Electrochemical aptasensor developed using Two-Electrode setup and Three-Electrode setup: comprising their current range in context of dengue virus determination. Biosensors 13 (1), 1 (2022).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"38666_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.126245","volume":"276","author":"W Al Borhani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Borhani, W., Chrouda, A., Eissa, S. & Zourob, M. Selection of a new aptamer targeting amoxicillin for utilization in a Label-Free electrochemical biosensor. Talanta 276, 126245 (2024).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"4","key":"38666_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23","volume":"23","author":"\u015e Corbacioglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corbacioglu, \u015e. & Aksel, G. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in diagnostic accuracy studies: A guide to interpreting the area under the curve value. Turkish J. Emerg. Med. 23 (4), 195 (2023).","journal-title":"Turkish J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.010","volume":"77","author":"EBB Ong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ong, E. B. B., Anthony, A. A., Ismail, A., Ismail, A. & Lim, T. S. Cloning, Expression, and purification of the Hemolysin\/Cytolysin (HlyE Antigen) from Salmonella enterica serovar typhi: potential application for immunoassay development. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 77 (1), 87\u201389 (2013).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576720013412","volume":"54","author":"K Manalastas-Cantos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manalastas-Cantos, K. et al. ATSAS 3.0: expanded functionality and new tools for Small-Angle scattering data analysis. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 54 (1), 343\u2013355 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"38666_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892001663","volume":"25","author":"DI Svergun","year":"1992","unstructured":"Svergun, D. I. Determination of the regularization parameter in Indirect-Transform methods using perceptual criteria. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 25 (4), 495\u2013503 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"38666_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889809000338","volume":"42","author":"D Franke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franke, D., Svergun, D. I. & DAMMIF A program for rapid Ab-Initio shape determination in Small-Angle scattering. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 42 (2), 342\u2013346 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"issue":"5","key":"38666_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1107\/S2059798317005745","volume":"73","author":"S Grudinin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grudinin, S., Garkavenko, M. & Kazennov, A. Pepsi-SAXS: an adaptive method for rapid and accurate computation of Small-Angle X-Ray scattering profiles. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D Struct. Biol. 73 (5), 449\u2013464 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"38666_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","volume":"61","author":"J Eberhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eberhardt, J., Santos-Martins, D., Tillack, A. F., Forli, S. & AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: new Docking Methods, expanded force Field, and python bindings. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 61 (8), 3891\u20133898 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"issue":"2","key":"38666_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","volume":"31","author":"O Trott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trott, O. & Olson, A. J. AutoDock vina: improving the speed and accuracy of Docking with a new scoring Function, efficient Optimization, and multithreading. J. Comput. Chem. 31 (2), 455\u2013461 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"38666_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.051","volume":"11","author":"S Forli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forli, S. et al. Computational Protein\u2013Ligand Docking and virtual drug screening with the AutoDock suite. Nat. Protoc. 11 (5), 905\u2013919 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"11","key":"38666_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20945","volume":"29","author":"S Jo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jo, S., Kim, T., Iyer, V. G. & Im, W. CHARMM-GUI: A Web\u2010Based graphical user interface for CHARMM. J. Comput. Chem. 29 (11), 1859\u20131865 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.5b00935","volume":"12","author":"J Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. CHARMM-GUI input generator for NAMD, GROMACS, AMBER, OpenMM, and CHARMM\/OpenMM simulations using the CHARMM36 additive force field. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 12 (1), 405\u2013413 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"38666_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1021\/ct700301q","volume":"4","author":"B Hess","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hess, B., Kutzner, C., van der Spoel, D. & Lindahl, E. GROMACS 4: algorithms for highly Efficient, Load-Balanced, and scalable molecular simulation. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 4 (3), 435\u2013447 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"38666_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.127","volume":"209","author":"H Wan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wan, H. et al. Screen-Printed gold electrode with gold nanoparticles modification for simultaneous electrochemical determination of lead and copper. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 209, 336\u2013342 (2015).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14010028","volume":"14","author":"M-L Pham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pham, M-L., Maghsoomi, S. & Brandl, M. An electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of freshwater cyanobacteria. Biosensors 14 (1), 28 (2024).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"38666_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339342","volume":"1209","author":"SA Gegenschatz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gegenschatz, S. A., Chiappini, F. A., Teglia, C. M., Mu\u00f1oz de la Pe\u00f1a, A. & Goicoechea, H. C. Binding the gap between Experiments, Statistics, and method comparison: A tutorial for computing limits of detection and quantification in univariate calibration for complex samples. Anal. Chim. Acta. 1209, 339342 (2022).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"7873","key":"38666_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","volume":"596","author":"J Jumper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jumper, J. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with alphafold. Nature 596 (7873), 583\u2013589 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"38666_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesiada, M. et al. Automated RNA 3D Structure Prediction with RNAComposer. In: Methods in Molecular Biology. pp. 199\u2013215. (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6433-8_13"},{"key":"38666_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124942","volume":"266","author":"G Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang, G. et al. Application and evaluation of molecular Docking for aptamer and small molecular Interaction - A case study with Tetracycline antibiotics. Talanta 266, 124942 (2024).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"38666_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.07.015","volume":"25","author":"D Morozov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morozov, D. et al. The role of SAXS and molecular simulations in 3D structure Elucidation of a DNA aptamer against lung cancer. Mol. Ther. - Nucleic Acids. 25, 316\u2013327 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. - Nucleic Acids"},{"issue":"3","key":"38666_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.100906","volume":"23","author":"H He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He, H., Liu, C. & Liu, H. Model reconstruction from Small-Angle X-Ray scattering data using deep learning methods. iScience 23 (3), 100906 (2020).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"12","key":"38666_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123186","volume":"12","author":"NS Zambry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zambry, N. S. et al. Aptamer-Based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of salmonella: A scoping review. Diagnostics 12 (12), 3186 (2022).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"8","key":"38666_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080614","volume":"12","author":"MG Sande","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sande, M. G. et al. Electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of the key virulence factor YadA of yersinia Enterocolitica. Biosensors 12 (8), 614 (2022).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"38666_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14020110","volume":"14","author":"M Jarczewska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jarczewska, M., Sokal, M., Olszewski, M. & Malinowska, E. Studies on the aptasensor miniaturization for electrochemical detection of lead ions. Biosensors 14 (2), 110 (2024).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"38666_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8905675","volume":"2016","author":"YX Goay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goay, Y. X. et al. Identification of five novel Salmonella Typhi-Specific genes as markers for diagnosis of typhoid fever using Single-Gene target PCR assays. Biomed. Res. Int. 2016, 1\u20139 (2016).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"38666_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15237","volume":"132","author":"J Rigby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rigby, J. et al. Optimized methods for detecting Salmonella Typhi in the environment using validated field Sampling, culture and confirmatory molecular approaches. J. Appl. Microbiol. 132 (2), 1503\u20131517 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"38666_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SD00098A","volume":"1","author":"S Muniandy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muniandy, S., Thong, K. L., Appaturi, J. N., Lai, C. W. & Leo, B. F. Electrochemical aptasensor for Salmonella detection using Nafion-doped reduced graphene oxide. Sens. Diagnostics. 1 (6), 1209\u20131217 (2022).","journal-title":"Sens. Diagnostics"},{"issue":"4","key":"38666_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy471","volume":"218","author":"M Antillon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antillon, M., Saad, N. J., Baker, S., Pollard, A. J. & Pitzer, V. E. The relationship between blood sample volume and diagnostic sensitivity of blood culture for typhoid and paratyphoid fever: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. J. Infect. Dis. 218 (4), 255\u2013267 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"38666_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA06600A","volume":"13","author":"R Husna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husna, R., Kurup, C. P., Ansari, M. A., Mohd-Naim, N. F. & Ahmed, M. U. An electrochemical aptasensor based on AuNRs\/AuNWs for sensitive detection of Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1) from human serum. RSC Adv. 13 (6), 3890\u20133898 (2023).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"21","key":"38666_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10315","DOI":"10.3390\/app112110315","volume":"11","author":"NNS Aye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aye, N. N. S. et al. A simple graphene functionalized electrochemical aptasensor for the sensitive and selective detection of glycated albumin. Appl. Sci. 11 (21), 10315 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"38666_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-022-00164-0","volume":"6","author":"S Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei, S. et al. On-Site colorimetric detection of Salmonella typhimurium. Npj Sci. Food. 6 (1), 48 (2022).","journal-title":"Npj Sci. Food"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-38666-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-38666-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-38666-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:58:17Z","timestamp":1781636297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-38666-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["38666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-38666-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11128"}}