{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:27:39Z","timestamp":1787812059356,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K06073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K06073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Size relationships between prey and predators are a key topic in ecology. A positive correlation often exists between the sizes of prey and predators. Although predators can consume much smaller prey, some preferentially target larger prey and avoid very small ones. Prey size preferences can be shaped by prey quality, alternative prey availability, and handling costs. Additionally, the defensive behaviour of small prey may prevent ingestion after capture, although this hypothesis has not been experimentally tested. In this study, I observed the behavioural responses of the predatory fish\n                    <jats:italic>Silurus asotus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Siluriformes: Siluridae) to eight aquatic beetle species (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae) of varying body sizes under aquarium conditions. The rate of successful predation varied from 20% to 90% among beetle species. Prey size significantly affected predation success: small beetles were more frequently spat out by fish after capture. When the locomotion of the small beetle\n                    <jats:italic>Regimbartia attenuata<\/jats:italic>\n                    was experimentally restricted by leg amputation, most individuals were readily consumed. These results demonstrate that small beetles use their legs to move rapidly within the fish\u2019s mouth or cling to the internal surfaces, thereby preventing ingestion and eliciting rejection. Thus, post-capture defences of small prey can influence prey size preferences in whole-swallowing predators.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-39251-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:01:36Z","timestamp":1773309696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Small prey fight back: post-capture defences shape prey\u2013predator size relationships"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9655-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"39251_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2307\/5483","volume":"62","author":"JE Cohen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cohen, J. E., Pimm, S. L., Yodzis, P. & Salda\u00f1a, J. Body sizes of animal predators and animal prey in food webs. J. Anim. Ecol. 62, 67\u201378 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"39251_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1150.1","volume":"90","author":"GC Costa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Costa, G. C. Predator size, prey size, and dietary niche breadth relationships in marine predators. Ecology 90, 2014\u20132019 (2009).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"39251_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2008.00405.x","volume":"17","author":"GC Costa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Costa, G. C., Vitt, L. J., Pianka, E. R., Mesquita, D. O. & Colli, G. R. Optimal foraging constrains macroecological patterns: body size and dietary niche breadth in lizards. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 17, 670\u2013677 (2008).","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"39251_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2061.1","volume":"91","author":"C Barnes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnes, C., Maxwell, D., Reuman, D. C. & Jennings, S. Global patterns in predator\u2013prey size relationships reveal size dependency of trophic transfer efficiency. Ecology 91, 222\u2013232 (2010).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"39251_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/27427","volume":"395","author":"K McCann","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCann, K., Hastings, A. & Huxel, G. R. Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature. Nature 395, 794\u2013798 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"39251_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3354\/meps208229","volume":"208","author":"FS Scharf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scharf, F. S., Juanes, F. & Rountree, R. A. Predator size\u2013prey size relationships of marine fish predators: interspecific variation and effects of ontogeny and body size on trophic-niche breadth. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 208, 229\u2013248 (2000).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"39251_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1551.1","volume":"89","author":"C Barnes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barnes, C. et al. Predator and prey body sizes in marine food webs. Ecology 89, 881 (2008).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"39251_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2015-0159","volume":"73","author":"F Juanes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Juanes, F. A length-based approach to predator\u2013prey relationships in marine predators. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 73, 677\u2013684 (2016).","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"39251_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194092","volume":"13","author":"JW Gaeta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaeta, J. W. et al. Go big or. . . don\u2019t? A field-based diet evaluation of freshwater piscivore and prey fish size relationships. PLoS ONE\u00a013, e0194092 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"39251_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fooweb.2023.e00326","volume":"37","author":"UF Souza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Souza, U. F. et al. Frog eat frogs: the relationship among the Neotropical frogs of the genus Leptodactylus and their anuran prey. Food Webs\u00a037, e00326 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Webs"},{"key":"39251_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00326096","volume":"98","author":"R Brandl","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brandl, R., Krist\u00edn, A. & Leisler, B. Dietary niche breadth in a local community of passerine birds: an analysis using phylogenetic contrasts. Oecologia 98, 109\u2013116 (1994).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"39251_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26004-5","volume":"12","author":"R Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Kumari, S., Malika, A., Sharma, A. P. & Dahms, H. U. Protistan epibionts affect prey selectivity patterns and vulnerability to predation in a cyclopoid copepod. Sci. Rep. 12, 22631 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"s1","key":"39251_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2003.00214.x","volume":"63","author":"AB Gill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gill, A. B. The dynamics of prey choice in fish: the importance of prey size and satiation. J. Fish Biol. 63 (s1), 105\u2013116 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"39251_CR14","unstructured":"Edmunds, M. Defence in Animals: A Survey of Anti-Predator Defences (Longman, 1974)."},{"key":"39251_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruxton, G. D., Allen, W. L., Sherratt, T. N. & Speed, M. P. Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Aposematism, and Mimicry, 2nd ed (Oxford University Press, 2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199688678.001.0001"},{"key":"39251_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/ens.12423","volume":"23","author":"S Sugiura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sugiura, S. Predators as drivers of insect defenses. Entomol. Sci. 23, 316\u2013337 (2020).","journal-title":"Entomol. Sci."},{"key":"39251_CR17","first-page":"260","volume":"68","author":"JW Fair","year":"1969","unstructured":"Fair, J. W. Survival of weevils through the digestive tract of an amphibian. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 68, 260\u2013261 (1969).","journal-title":"Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"39251_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1126\/science.241.4861.92","volume":"241","author":"SF Norton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Norton, S. F. Role of the gastropod shell and operculum in inhibiting predation by fishes. Science 241, 92\u201394 (1988).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"39251_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/440756a","volume":"440","author":"F Ponton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ponton, F. et al. Parasite survives predation on its host. Nature 440, 756 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"39251_CR20","first-page":"124","volume":"60","author":"RJ Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown, R. J. Freshwater mollusks survive fish gut passage. Arctic 60, 124\u2013128 (2007).","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"39251_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2011.02559.x","volume":"39","author":"S Wada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wada, S., Kawakami, K. & Chiba, S. Snails can survive passage through a bird\u2019s digestive system. J. Biogeogr. 39, 69\u201373 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"39251_CR22","first-page":"467","volume":"6","author":"M O\u2019Shea","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea, M., Kathriner, A., Mecke, S., Sanchez, C. & Kaiser, H. Fantastic voyage\u2019: a live blindsnake (Ramphotyphlops braminus) journeys through the gastrointestinal system of a toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Herpetol. Notes\u00a06, 467\u2013470 (2013).","journal-title":"Herpetol. Notes"},{"key":"39251_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170647","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0647","volume":"14","author":"S Sugiura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sugiura, S. & Sato, T. Successful escape of bombardier beetles from predator digestive systems. Biol. Lett. 14, 20170647 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"39251_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.026","volume":"30","author":"S Sugiura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sugiura, S. Active escape of prey from predator vent via the digestive tract. Curr. Biol. 30, R867\u2013R868 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"39251_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/03949370.2020.1789747","volume":"33","author":"CJ Mergler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mergler, C. J. & Gall, B. G. Has the indestructible insect met its match? Velvet ants as prey to bufonid toads. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 33, 15\u201324 (2021).","journal-title":"Ethol. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"39251_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3612","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3612","volume":"103","author":"Y Hasegawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasegawa, Y., Yokouchi, K. & Kawabata, Y. Escaping via the predator\u2019s gill: a defensive tactic of juvenile eels after capture by predatory fish. Ecology 103, e3612 (2022).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"39251_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72477","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72477","volume":"15","author":"S Sugiura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sugiura, S. Effects of predator species and size on prey escape success through the digestive tract. Ecol. Evol. 15, e72477 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"39251_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2001)071[0401:RAROAL]2.0.CO;2","volume":"71","author":"R Knapp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knapp, R., Matthews, K. R. & Sarnelle, O. Resistance and resilience of alpine lake fauna to fish introductions. Ecol. Monogr. 71, 401\u2013421 (2001).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"39251_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2008.02096.x","volume":"54","author":"EG Schilling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schilling, E. G., Loftin, C. S. & Huryn, A. D. Macroinvertebrates as indicators of fish absence in naturally fishless lakes. Freshw. Biol. 54, 181\u2013202 (2009).","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"39251_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettner, K. Defenses of water insects. In Aquatic Insects (eds Del-Claro, K. & Guillermo, R.) 191\u2013262 (Springer Cham, 2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16327-3_9"},{"key":"39251_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioria, M. & Feehan, J. Habitats supporting dytiscid life. In Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) (ed Yee, D. A.) 427\u2013503 (Springer Cham, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-01245-7_10"},{"key":"39251_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-022-00922-y","volume":"85","author":"M Nieoczym","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nieoczym, M., Stryjecki, R., Buczy\u0144ski, P., P\u0142aska, W. & Kloskowski, J. Differential abundance, composition and mesohabitat use by aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa in ponds with and without fish. Aquat. Sci. 85, 25 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"39251_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1899\/0887-3593(2006)025[0811:DAPEOW]2.0.CO;2","volume":"25","author":"SE Arnott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arnott, S. E., Jackson, A. B. & Alarie, Y. Distribution and potential effects of water beetles in lakes recovering from acidification. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 25, 811\u2013824 (2006).","journal-title":"J. North Am. Benthol. Soc."},{"key":"39251_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2012.02746.x","volume":"57","author":"G De Mendoza","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Mendoza, G., Rico, E. & Catalan, J. Predation by introduced fish constrains the thermal distribution of aquatic Coleoptera in mountain lakes. Freshw. Biol. 57, 803\u2013814 (2012).","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"39251_CR35","first-page":"e02801","volume":"49","author":"W Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao, W., Zanca, T. & Niemel\u00e4, J. Predation risk modifies habitat use and habitat selection of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an urban pondscape. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 49, e02801 (2024).","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"39251_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15050308","volume":"15","author":"W Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao, W. Water colour shapes diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) assemblages in urban ponds. Insects 15, 38 (2024).","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"39251_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-020-01977-9","volume":"29","author":"W Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao, W., Venn, S. & Niemel\u00e4, J. Environmental determinants of diving beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an urban landscape. Biodivers. Conserv. 29, 2343\u20132359 (2020).","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"39251_CR38","first-page":"e02361","volume":"41","author":"W Liao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liao, W., Venn, S. & Niemel\u00e4, J. Microhabitats with emergent plants counterbalance the negative effects of fish presence on diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) diversity in urban ponds. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 41, e02361 (2023).","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"39251_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-013-1073-6","volume":"28","author":"O Katano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katano, O., Natsumeda, T. & Suguro, N. Diurnal bottom feeding of predator fish strengthens trophic cascades to benthic algae in experimental flow-through pools. Ecol. Res. 28, 907\u2013918 (2013).","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"39251_CR40","first-page":"14","volume":"58","author":"R Yonekura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yonekura, R. & Matsuda, H. Survival probabilities in paddy fields in juvenile Japanese catfish (Silurus asotus). Rep. Gifu Pref. Res. Inst. Freshw. Fish. Aquat. Environ. 58, 14\u201319 (2013). (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Rep. Gifu Pref. Res. Inst. Freshw. Fish. Aquat. Environ."},{"key":"39251_CR41","unstructured":"Katano, O. Ecology and habit of Japanese common catfish. In Natural History of Catfish (eds Akishinonomiya, F. et al.) 362\u2013379 (Seibundo-Shinkosha, 2016) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"39251_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1051\/alr:1996040","volume":"9","author":"MN Bruton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bruton, M. N. Alternative life-history strategies of catfishes. Aquat. Living Resour. 9, 35\u201341 (1996).","journal-title":"Aquat. Living Resour."},{"key":"39251_CR43","unstructured":"Eisner, T., Eisner, M. & Siegler, M. Secret Weapons: Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-Legged Creatures (Belknap Press of the Harvard University, 2005)."},{"key":"39251_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17214","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17214","volume":"12","author":"S Sugiura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sugiura, S. & Hayashi, M. Defenses of whirligig beetles against native and invasive frogs. PeerJ 12, e17214 (2024).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"39251_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettner, K. Chemical ecology and biochemistry of Dytiscidae. In Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) (ed Yee, D. A.) 253\u2013341 (Springer Cham, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-01245-7_6"},{"key":"39251_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987736","volume":"2","author":"JR Miller","year":"1976","unstructured":"Miller, J. R. & Mumma, R. O. Physiological activity of water beetle defensive agents. I. Toxicity and anesthetic activity of steroids and norsesquiterpenes administered in solution to the minnow Pimephales promelas Raf. J. Chem. Ecol. 2, 115\u2013130 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"39251_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987737","volume":"2","author":"JR Miller","year":"1976","unstructured":"Miller, J. R. & Mumma, R. O. Physiological activity of water beetle defensive agents. II. Absorption of selected anesthetic steroids and norsesquiterpenes across gill membranes of the minnow Pimephales promelas Raf. J. Chem. Ecol. 2, 131\u2013146 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"39251_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00983769","volume":"17","author":"DJ Gerhart","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gerhart, D. J., Bondura, M. E. & Commito, J. A. Inhibition of sunfish feeding by defensive steroids from aquatic beetles: structure\u2013activity relationships. J. Chem. Ecol. 17, 1363\u20131370 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"39251_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005570609835","volume":"26","author":"O Schaaf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schaaf, O., Baumgarten, J. & Dettner, K. Identification and function of prothoracic exocrine gland steroids of the dytiscid beetles Graphoderus cinereus and Laccophilus minutus. J. Chem. Ecol. 26, 2291\u20132305 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"39251_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399035","volume":"69","author":"RH van der Eijk","year":"1986","unstructured":"van der Eijk, R. H. Population dynamics of gyrinid beetles III. Survival of adults. Oecologia 69, 41\u201346 (1986).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"39251_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisner, T. & Aneshansley, D. J. Chemical defense: aquatic beetle (Dineutes hornii) vs. fish (Micropterus salmoides). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97, 11313\u201311318 (2000).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190335397"},{"key":"39251_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/65.6.1324","volume":"65","author":"EF Benfield","year":"1972","unstructured":"Benfield, E. F. A defensive secretion of Dineutes discolor (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65, 1324\u20131327 (1972).","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"39251_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.06.014","volume":"69","author":"C H\u00e4rlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"H\u00e4rlin, C. To have and have not: volatile secretions make a difference in gyrinid beetle predator defence. Anim. Behav. 69, 579\u2013585 (2005).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"39251_CR54","unstructured":"Mitamura, T., Hirasawa, K., Yoshii, S. & Kitano, T. The Handbook of Japanese Aquatic Insect, Volume 1: Coleoptera (Bunichi-Sogo-Shuppan, 2017). (in Japanese)."},{"key":"39251_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"blaf086","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaf086","volume":"146","author":"I De-Freitas","year":"2025","unstructured":"De-Freitas, I. et al. Aposematism in semi-aquatic caterpillars: warning coloration fails to prevent predation by fish. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 146, blaf086 (2025).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"39251_CR56","unstructured":"Nakajima, J., Hayashi, M., Ishida, K., Kitano, T. & Yoshitomi, H. Aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera of Japan (Bunichi-Sogo-Shuppan, 2020). (in Japanese)."},{"key":"39251_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.01.001","volume":"338\u2013341","author":"R Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Souissi, S. & Hwang, J. S. Vulnerability of carp larvae to copepod predation as a function of larval age and body length. Aquaculture 338\u2013341, 274\u2013283 (2012).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"39251_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2307\/1308532","volume":"32","author":"BL Peckarsky","year":"1982","unstructured":"Peckarsky, B. L. Aquatic insect predator\u2013prey relations. BioScience 32, 261\u2013266 (1982).","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"39251_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050221","volume":"111","author":"K \u00c5bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"1997","unstructured":"\u00c5bj\u00f6rnsson, K., Wagner, B. M. A., Axelsson, A., Bjerselius, R. & Ols\u00e9n, K. H. Response of Acilius sulcatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) to chemical cues from perch (Perca fluviatilis). Oecologia 111, 166\u2013171 (1997).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"39251_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1086\/284719","volume":"130","author":"AR Ives","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ives, A. R. & Dobson, A. P. Antipredator behavior and population dynamics of simple predator\u2013prey systems. Am. Nat. 130, 431\u2013437 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"39251_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2023.102082","volume":"26","author":"K Okai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okai, K. & Sugiura, S. Death feigning in adult diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 26, 102082 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol"},{"key":"39251_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ching, F. F. Silurus asotus (Amur catfish). In CABI Digital Library https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.64278 (CABI Compendium, 2023).","DOI":"10.1079\/cabicompendium.64278"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39251-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39251-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39251-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:01:47Z","timestamp":1773309707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39251-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["39251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-39251-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7198"}}