{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:30:20Z","timestamp":1793838620446,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007210","name":"RWTH Aachen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heightened aggression is associated with behavioural and neural deficits in inhibitory control. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) shows promise in facilitating inhibitory control and reducing aggression. However, the mixed effects and widespread electric fields of tDCS warrant more precise stimulation methods. High-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) may enhance focality to target the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), a key region in inhibitory control. In a double-blind and sham-controlled study, we investigated behavioral and neural differences between anodal and sham HD-tDCS in a subsequent Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP). Anodal HD-tDCS was applied at 1.5\u00a0mA for 20\u00a0min over the rIFG. Reference electrodes were located at TP8, PZ, FC3, and FP1. 41 healthy male participants were randomly assigned to either anodal (19) or sham (22) HD-tDCS and completed the TAP during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Anodal HD-tDCS did not directly reduce aggression; however, the stimulation weakened the effect of provocation on aggressive behaviour. Imaging results indicated that anodal HD-tDCS was associated with a positive provocation-related increase of bilateral parietal lobule (IPL) activation. Taken together, behavioural and neuroimaging findings suggest that anodal rIFG stimulation may engage the inhibitory control network as reflected in reduced responsiveness to provocation and increased activation during provocation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-39423-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:13:27Z","timestamp":1770700407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Targeting aggression with prefrontal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Lasogga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hofhansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gramegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Habel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.A.","family":"Mehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben C.","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Dammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Weidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"39423_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0258346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258346","volume":"16","author":"I Weltens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weltens, I. et al. Aggression on the psychiatric ward: prevalence and risk factors. A systematic review of the literature. PLOS ONE. 16, e0258346 (2021).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"39423_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.10.021","volume":"146","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fleming, P. J., Gruskin, S., Rojo, F. & Dworkin, S. L. Men\u2019s violence against women and men are inter-related: recommendations for simultaneous intervention. Soc. Sci. Med. 146, 249\u2013256 (2015).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"39423_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-017-0390-z","volume":"18","author":"J Repple","year":"2017","unstructured":"Repple, J. et al. From provocation to aggression: the neural network. BMC Neurosci. 18, 1\u20139 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00521","volume":"10","author":"C Weidler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weidler, C. et al. On the complexity of aggressive behavior: contextual and individual factors in the Taylor aggression paradigm. Front. Psychiatry. 10, 521 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"39423_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa158","volume":"17","author":"C Weidler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weidler, C. et al. Consequences of prefrontal tDCS on inhibitory control and reactive aggression. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 17, 120\u2013130 (2022).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01208-6","volume":"22","author":"K Bertsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertsch, K., Florange, J. & Herpertz, S. C. Understanding brain mechanisms of reactive aggression. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 22, 81 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"39423_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170155","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0155","volume":"373","author":"RJR Blair","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blair, R. J. R. Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression. Philos. Trans. R Soc. B Biol. Sci. 373, 20170155 (2018).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"39423_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.04.003","volume":"3","author":"TF Denson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Denson, T. F. Four promising psychological interventions for reducing reactive aggression. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 3, 136\u2013141 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"39423_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulus, W. Chapter 26 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). in Supplements To Clinical Neurophysiology (eds Paulus, W. et al.) vol. 56 249\u2013254 (Elsevier, 2003).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70229-6"},{"key":"39423_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527 Pt 3","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 527 Pt 3, 633\u2013639 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"39423_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2891-9","volume":"216","author":"L Jacobson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobson, L., Koslowsky, M. & Lavidor, M. tDCS Polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: a meta-analytical review. Exp. Brain Res. 216, 1\u201310 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"39423_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051220","volume":"13","author":"A Casula","year":"2023","unstructured":"Casula, A. et al. Non-Invasive brain stimulation for the modulation of aggressive Behavior\u2014A systematic review of randomized Sham-Controlled studies. Life 13, 1220 (2023).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"39423_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70036","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.70036","volume":"51","author":"TF Denson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Denson, T. F., Choy, O., Summerell, E. & Wong, I. A Meta-Analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on anger and aggression. Aggress. Behav. 51, e70036 (2025).","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"39423_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020200","volume":"12","author":"R Knehans","year":"2022","unstructured":"Knehans, R. et al. Modulating behavioural and Self-Reported aggression with Non-Invasive brain stimulation: A literature review. Brain Sci. 12, 200 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"39423_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-025-01289-x","author":"C Gramegna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gramegna, C., Franca, M. & Bolognini, N. Modulating interhemispheric prefrontal dynamics of aggressive behavior: sex differences and the association with personal disposition. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01289-x (2025).","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr012","volume":"7","author":"R Hortensius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hortensius, R., Schutter, D. J. L. G. & Harmon-Jones, E. When anger leads to aggression: induction of relative left frontal cortical activity with transcranial direct current stimulation increases the anger\u2013aggression relationship. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7, 342\u2013347 (2012).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.06.038","volume":"164","author":"J He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, J. et al. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the aggressive behavior in methamphetamine addicts. J. Psychiatr Res. 164, 364\u2013371 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"39423_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9","author":"C Gramegna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gramegna, C., Barbieri, B. & Bolognini, N. Dissociating prefrontal contribution to reactive and proactive aggression: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-025-02087-9 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001144","volume":"29","author":"CY Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, C. Y. Right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in proactive and reactive aggression: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. NeuroReport 29, 1509\u20131515 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"39423_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-016-0490-8","volume":"17","author":"P Riva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riva, P. et al. Neuromodulation can reduce aggressive behavior elicited by violent video games. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 17, 452\u2013459 (2017).","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu053","volume":"10","author":"P Riva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riva, P., Romero Lauro, L. J., DeWall, C. N., Chester, D. S. & Bushman, B. J. Reducing aggressive responses to social exclusion using transcranial direct current stimulation. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 10, 352\u2013356 (2015).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132170","volume":"10","author":"F Dambacher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dambacher, F. et al. No effects of bilateral tDCS over inferior frontal gyrus on response Inhibition and aggression. PloS One. 10, e0132170 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"39423_CR23","first-page":"302","volume":"13","author":"A Gallucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallucci, A., Riva, P., Romero Lauro, L. J. & Bushman, B. J. Stimulating the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) modulates frustration-induced aggression: A tDCS experiment. Brain Stimul Basic. Transl Clin. Res. Neuromodulation. 13, 302\u2013309 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul Basic. Transl Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"39423_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.09.010","volume":"109","author":"G Gilam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilam, G. et al. Attenuating anger and aggression with neuromodulation of the vmpfc: A simultaneous tDCS-fMRI study. Cortex 109, 156\u2013170 (2018).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"39423_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1003","volume":"6","author":"AR Aron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Sahakian, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. Stop-signal Inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 115\u2013116 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110596","volume":"119","author":"M Nikolic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nikolic, M., Pezzoli, P., Jaworska, N. & Seto, M. C. Brain responses in aggression-prone individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of anger- and aggression-eliciting tasks. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 119, 110596 (2022).","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"39423_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa188","volume":"30","author":"A Suda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suda, A. et al. Functional organization for response Inhibition in the right inferior frontal cortex of individual human brains. Cereb. Cortex. 30, 6325\u20136335 (2020).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"39423_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016","volume":"33","author":"CD Chambers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chambers, C. D., Garavan, H. & Bellgrove, M. A. Insights into the neural basis of response Inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 33, 631\u2013646 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"39423_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa073","volume":"15","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, W., Peeters, N., Fern\u00e1ndez, G. & Kohn, N. Common neural and transcriptional correlates of inhibitory control underlie emotion regulation and memory control. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 15, 523\u2013536 (2020).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.042","volume":"74","author":"D Edwards","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edwards, D. et al. Physiological and modeling evidence for focal transcranial electrical brain stimulation in humans: A basis for high-definition tDCS. NeuroImage 74, 266\u2013275 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"39423_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.010","volume":"6","author":"HI Kuo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuo, H. I. et al. Comparing Cortical Plasticity Induced by Conventional and High-Definition 4 \u00d7 1 Ring tDCS: A Neurophysiological Study. Brain Stimulat. 6, 644\u2013648 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"39423_CR32","first-page":"95","volume":"7","author":"CS Sergiou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sergiou, C. S. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation targeting the ventromedial prefrontal cortex reduces reactive aggression and modulates electrophysiological responses in a forensic population. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging. 7, 95\u2013107 (2022).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"39423_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.11.012","volume":"16","author":"D M\u00fcller","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, D., Habel, U., Brodkin, E. S., Clemens, B. & Weidler, C. HD-tDCS induced changes in resting-state functional connectivity: insights from EF modeling. Brain Stimulat. 16, 1722\u20131732 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"39423_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152000","volume":"11","author":"F Emmerling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emmerling, F. et al. The role of the insular cortex in retaliation. PLOS ONE. 11, e0152000 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"39423_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53930-3","volume":"14","author":"C Weidler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weidler, C. et al. The influence of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on prefrontal TDCS effects on aggression. Sci. Rep. 14, 3437 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"39423_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv018","volume":"10","author":"F Dambacher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dambacher, F. et al. Reducing proactive aggression through non-invasive brain stimulation. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 10, 1303\u20131309 (2015).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"39423_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.054","volume":"33","author":"S Caspers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Caspers, S. et al. The human inferior parietal cortex: cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability. NeuroImage 33, 430\u2013448 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"39423_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02590-y","volume":"228","author":"WW Graves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graves, W. W. et al. Correspondence between cognitive and neural representations for phonology, orthography, and semantics in supramarginal compared to angular gyrus. Brain Struct. Funct. 228, 255\u2013271 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"39423_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.029","volume":"38","author":"UM Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer, U. M., Jansma, H., Tempelmann, C. & M\u00fcnte, T. F. Tit-for-tat: the neural basis of reactive aggression. NeuroImage 38, 203\u2013211 (2007).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"39423_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118874","volume":"250","author":"AM Leaver","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leaver, A. M. et al. Modulation of brain networks during MR-compatible transcranial direct current stimulation. NeuroImage 250, 118874 (2022).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"39423_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1443-x","volume":"222","author":"R Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Geng, X. & Lee, T. M. C. Large-scale functional neural network correlates of response inhibition: an fMRI meta-analysis. Brain Struct. Funct. 222, 3973\u20133990 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"39423_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","volume":"2","author":"A Datta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Datta, A. et al. Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved Spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad. Brain Stimulat. 2, 201\u2013207e1 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"39423_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33267","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267","volume":"8","author":"D Lakens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lakens, D. Sample size justification. Collabra Psychol. 8, 33267 (2022).","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"39423_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504","volume":"7","author":"P Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green, P. & MacLeod, C. J. SIMR : an R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 493\u2013498 (2016).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"39423_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thielscher, A., Antunes, A. & Saturnino, G. B. Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? in 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) 222\u2013225 (IEEE, Milan, 2015). 222\u2013225 (IEEE, Milan, 2015). (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340"},{"key":"39423_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20115","volume":"32","author":"A Raine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raine, A. et al. The reactive\u2013proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress. Behav. 32, 159\u2013171 (2006).","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"39423_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.3.452","volume":"63","author":"AH Buss","year":"1992","unstructured":"Buss, A. H. & Perry, M. The aggression questionnaire. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 63, 452\u2013459 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"39423_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"51","author":"JH Patton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S. & Barratt, E. S. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J. Clin. Psychol. 51, 768\u2013774 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"39423_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1076\/1380-3395(200008)22:4;1-0;FT518","volume":"22","author":"K Arbuthnott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arbuthnott, K., Frank, J., Trail Making & Test Part B as a measure of executive control: validation using a Set-Switching paradigm. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 22, 518\u2013528 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"39423_CR50","unstructured":"Schmidt, K.-H. & Metzler, P. Wortschatztest: WST (Beltz Test, 1992)."},{"key":"39423_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x","volume":"35","author":"SP Taylor","year":"1967","unstructured":"Taylor, S. P. Aggressive behavior and physiological arousal as a function of provocation and the tendency to inhibit aggression 1. J. Pers. 35, 297\u2013310 (1967).","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"39423_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43456-4","volume":"9","author":"L Rinnewitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rinnewitz, L. et al. A biobehavioral validation of the Taylor aggression paradigm in female adolescents. Sci. Rep. 9, 7036 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"39423_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21473","volume":"39","author":"C Lawrence","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lawrence, C. & Hutchinson, L. The influence of individual differences in sensitivity to provocations on provoked aggression. Aggress. Behav. 39, 212\u2013221 (2013).","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"39423_CR54","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2024)."},{"key":"39423_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D. Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear Mixed-Effects models Usinglme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"39423_CR56","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. L. & emmeans Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. (2025)."},{"key":"39423_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, J. A. interactions: Comprehensive, User-Friendly Toolkit for Probing Interactions. The R Foundation (2019). https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/interactions\/index.html","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.interactions"},{"key":"39423_CR58","unstructured":"The MathWorks Inc. MATLAB version: 24.2 (R2024b). The MathWorks Inc. (2024)."},{"key":"39423_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034","volume":"25","author":"SB Eickhoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eickhoff, S. B. et al. A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. NeuroImage 25, 1325\u20131335 (2005).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39423-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39423-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39423-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:59:36Z","timestamp":1781632776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39423-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["39423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-39423-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5559"}}