{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T15:08:56Z","timestamp":1793718536363,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00510295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00510295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00510295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00510295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3A9G1014476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3A9G1014476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3A9G1014476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3A9G1014476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00227084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00227084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00227084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00227084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00338179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00338179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) using gadolinium-based contrast agents is valuable for evaluating lymphedema but is limited by its inability to selectively visualize lymphatic structures, hindering accurate diagnosis and severity grading. To overcome this, we demonstrated imaging biomarkers for lymphedema grading using iron oxide-based T1 MRI contrast agent\u2013enhanced MRL (INV-MRL) in animal models. Lymphedema was induced in the hindlimbs of rats by lymph node dissection and radiation, and was successfully established in 29 of 40 animals. Of these, 26 underwent both INV-MRL and near-infrared fluorescence indocyanine green lymphography (NIRF-ICGL) in the same experimental week, and 3 were allocated to excretion studies. Imaging processes were performed under identical injection conditions in the same experimental week. INV-MRL specifically visualized lymphatic vessels, offering superior imaging of deeper lymphatic structures and collateral pathways compared with the predominantly superficial visualization of NIRF-ICGL. Both modalities showed strong concordance in severity grading (Kappa\u2009=\u20090.823), and the Threshold Area Ratio, introduced as a quantitative imaging biomarker, correlated significantly with disease severity. Furthermore, the contrast agent demonstrated rapid excretion within 24\u00a0h without notable tissue retention. Collectively, these findings suggest that INV-MRL provides lymphatic-specific qualitative and quantitative biomarkers for lymphedema grading, with the potential to improve diagnostic precision in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-39610-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T21:32:58Z","timestamp":1771623178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lymphatic\u2011specific magnetic resonance lymphangiography biomarkers for grading lymphedema in animal models"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hwayeong","family":"Cheon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Cheol","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon Ji","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Yong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"39610_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31239","volume":"124","author":"NS Iyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iyer, N. S. et al. Lymphedema in ovarian cancer survivors: Assessing diagnostic methods and the effects of physical activity. Cancer 124 (9), 1929\u20131937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.31239 (2018).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"39610_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00470","volume":"10","author":"RP Kataru","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kataru, R. P. et al. Regulation of immune function by the lymphatic system in lymphedema. Front. Immunol. 10, 470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00470 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"39610_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petrova, T. V. & Koh, G. Y. Biological functions of lymphatic vessels. Science 369 (6500), eaax4063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aax4063 (2020).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax4063"},{"issue":"2","key":"39610_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.039","volume":"182","author":"G Oliver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliver, G., Kipnis, J., Randolph, G. J. & Harvey, N. L. The lymphatic vasculature in the 21st century: Novel functional roles in homeostasis and disease. Cell 182 (2), 270\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.039 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"24","key":"39610_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34498","volume":"128","author":"M Gennaro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gennaro, M. et al. Occurrence of breast-cancer\u2013related lymphedema after reverse lymphatic mapping and selective axillary dissection versus standard surgical treatment of axilla: A two\u2010arm randomized clinical trial. Cancer 128 (24), 4185\u20134193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.34498 (2022).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"39610_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.13843","volume":"19","author":"A Pigott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pigott, A. et al. A prospective observational cohort study examining the development of head and neck lymphedema from the time of diagnosis. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. 19 (4), 473\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajco.13843 (2023).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019192368","volume":"294","author":"CR Weiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss, C. R. & Liddell, R. P. Bringing lymphangiography into the 21st century. Radiology 294 (1), 230\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2019192368 (2020).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01232-5","volume":"20","author":"S Qi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qi, S. et al. The bright future of nanotechnology in lymphatic system imaging and imaging-guided surgery. J. Nanobiotechnol. 20 (1), 1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-021-01232-5 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"39610_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23867","volume":"35","author":"CJ van Schaik","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Schaik, C. J. et al. The lymphatic system throughout history: From hieroglyphic translations to state of the art radiological techniques. Clin. Anat. 35 (6), 701\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23867 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"39610_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grigorean, A. et al. Prevalence of lymphedema using large data sets; an epidemiological analysis in the United States and Italy. Lymphology 56 (4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2458\/lymph.6377 (2024).","DOI":"10.2458\/lymph.6377"},{"issue":"2","key":"39610_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2021.06.006","volume":"10","author":"S Soga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soga, S. et al. Lower limb lymphedema staging based on magnetic resonance lymphangiography. J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord.. 10 (2), 445\u2013453e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2021.06.006 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"39610_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05051-6","volume":"52","author":"KI Ramirez-Suarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramirez-Suarez, K. I. et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography. Pediatr. Radiol. 52 (2), 285\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-021-05051-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"39610_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/02683555211053532","volume":"37","author":"F Lurie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lurie, F. et al. The American venous forum, American vein and lymphatic society and the society for vascular medicine expert opinion consensus on lymphedema diagnosis and treatment. Phlebol J. Venous Dis. 37 (4), 252\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02683555211053532 (2022).","journal-title":"Phlebol J. Venous Dis."},{"key":"39610_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Negm, A. S. et al. MR lymphangiography in lymphatic disorders: clinical applications, institutional experience, and practice development. RadioGraphics 44 (2), e230075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.230075 (2024).","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.230075"},{"issue":"12","key":"39610_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000398","volume":"52","author":"M Andreas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andreas, M. et al. Magnetic resonance lymphography at 9.4 T using a gadolinium-based nanoparticle in rats investigations in healthy animals and in a hindlimb lymphedema model. Invest. Radiol. 52 (12), 725\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000398 (2017).","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"39610_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170241","volume":"286","author":"B Ripley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ripley, B. et al. Initial clinical experience with dual-agent relaxation contrast for isolated lymphatic channel mapping. Radiology 286 (2), 705\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2017170241 (2018).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"39610_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020191593","volume":"295","author":"CC Pieper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pieper, C. C., Feisst, A. & Schild, H. H. Contrast-enhanced interstitial transpedal MR lymphangiography for thoracic chylous effusions. Radiology 295 (2), 458\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020191593 (2020).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61104-4","volume":"14","author":"JS Jang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jang, J. S. et al. Analysis on efficacy of magnetic resonance lymphangiography using INV-001 in healthy beagle dogs. Sci. Rep. 14 (1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-61104-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"39610_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chae, Y. J. et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of gadolinium-based and iron oxide-based contrast agents inside the lymphatic structure using magnetic resonance lymphangiography. Mol. Imaging Biol. 26, 638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11307-024-01918-w (2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-024-01918-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40826-x","volume":"13","author":"H Cheon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheon, H., Kim, S. A., Kim, B. & Jeon, J. Y. Investigation of optimizing indocyanine green solution for in vivo lymphatic research using near-infrared fluorescence indocyanine green lymphangiography. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 14966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-40826-x (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"39610_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319188","volume":"43","author":"H Cheon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheon, H. et al. In vivo dynamic and static analysis of lymphatic dysfunction in lymphedema using near-infrared fluorescence indocyanine green lymphangiography. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 43 (10), 2008\u20132022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319188 (2023).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"39610_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, S. A., Gelvosa, M. N., Cheon, H. & Jeon, J. Y. The effects of postoperative treadmill exercise on rats with secondary lymphedema. PLoS One 18(5), e0285384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285384 (2023).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285384"},{"issue":"9","key":"39610_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5243","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005243","volume":"11","author":"Y Morita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morita, Y. et al. Establishment of a simple, reproducible, and long-lasting Hind limb animal model of lymphedema. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. - Glob. Open 11 (9), e5243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005243 (2023).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. - Glob. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.31088","volume":"44","author":"A Bucan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bucan, A., Frend\u00f8, M., Ngo, M. T., S\u00f8rensen, J. A. & H\u00f6lmich, L. R. Surgical lymphedema models in the mice hindlimb\u2014A systematic review and quality assessment. Microsurgery 44 (1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/micr.31088 (2024).","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"39610_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.9b00051","volume":"2","author":"CE Trincot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trincot, C. E. & Caron, K. M. Lymphatic function and dysfunction in the context of sex differences. ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 2 (5), 311\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsptsci.9b00051 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24332","volume":"115","author":"H Suami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suami, H. Lymphosome concept: Anatomical study of the lymphatic system. J. Surg. Oncol. 115 (1), 13\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jso.24332 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"39610_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003776","volume":"140","author":"H Suami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suami, H. & Scaglioni, M. F. Lymphatic territories (lymphosomes) in the rat: An anatomical study for future lymphatic research. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 140 (5), 945\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003776 (2017).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"39610_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suami, H. Anatomical theories of the pathophysiology of cancer-related lymphoedema. Cancers (Basel). 12 (5), 1338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12051338 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051338"},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001994","volume":"84","author":"L Sheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheng, L., Zhang, G., Li, S., Jiang, Z. & Cao, W. Magnetic resonance lymphography of lymphatic vessels in upper extremity with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Ann. Plast. Surg. 84 (1), 100\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001994 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3348\/jksr.2020.81.1.70","volume":"81","author":"SH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. & Hong, J. P. MR lymphangiography. J. Korean Soc. Radiol. 81 (1), 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/jksr.2020.81.1.70 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"39610_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27328","volume":"53","author":"M Cellina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cellina, M. et al. Noncontrast MR lymphography in secondary lower limb lymphedema. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 53 (2), 458\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.27328 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"39610_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.04.029","volume":"9","author":"S Soga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soga, S. et al. Analysis of collateral lymphatic circulation in patients with lower limb lymphedema using magnetic resonance lymphangiography. J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord. 9(2), 471\u2013481.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.04.029 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2021.01235","volume":"49","author":"A Oh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oh, A. et al. Three-dimensional analysis of dermal backflow in cancer-related lymphedema using photoacoustic lymphangiography. Arch. Plast. Surg. 49 (1), 99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5999\/aps.2021.01235 (2022).","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"39610_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150697","volume":"277","author":"T Kanda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanda, T., Matsuda, M., Oba, H., Toyoda, K. & Furui, S. Gadolinium deposition after contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 277 (3), 924\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2015150697 (2015).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"39610_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Calderwood, A., Thompson, B., Ho-Shon, K. & Suami, H. Overview of magnetic resonance lymphography for imaging lymphoedema. Plast. Aesthetic Res. 8, 1 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/2347-9264.2021.14 (2021).","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2021.14"},{"issue":"4","key":"39610_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2024.101870","volume":"12","author":"M Mills","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mills, M. et al. Magnetic resonance lymphangiography: Establishing normal. J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord.. 12 (4), 101870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2024.101870 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"issue":"18","key":"39610_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0271","volume":"70","author":"ST Proulx","year":"2010","unstructured":"Proulx, S. T. et al. Quantitative imaging of lymphatic function with liposomal indocyanine green. Cancer Res. 70 (18), 7053\u20137062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0271 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25383-y","volume":"8","author":"Y Nakajima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakajima, Y. et al. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging directly visualizes lymphatic drainage pathways and connections between superficial and deep lymphatic systems in the mouse hindlimb. Sci. Rep. 8 (1), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-25383-y (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"39610_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132097","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1132097","volume":"14","author":"EM Sevick-Muraca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sevick-Muraca, E. M., Fife, C. E. & Rasmussen, J. C. Imaging peripheral lymphatic dysfunction in chronic conditions. Front. Physiol. 14, 1132097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1132097 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"39610_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5497","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125497","volume":"23","author":"LC Licari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Licari, L. C. et al. Exploring the applications of indocyanine green in robot-assisted urological surgery: A comprehensive review of fluorescence-guided techniques. Sensors 23 (12), 5497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23125497 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74414-4","volume":"14","author":"H Cheon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheon, H. et al. Improved lymphangiogenesis around vascularized lymph node flaps by periodic injection of hyaluronidase in a rodent model. Sci. Rep. 14 (1), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74414-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"39610_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564608","volume":"32","author":"M Narushima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Narushima, M. et al. Indocyanine green lymphography findings in limb lymphedema. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 32 (1), 72\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1564608 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"issue":"11","key":"39610_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.08.055","volume":"73","author":"JA Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon, J. A. et al. Correlation of ICG lymphography and lymphoscintigraphy severity stage in secondary upper limb lymphedema. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg. 73 (11), 1982\u20131988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.08.055 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"39610_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015E","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010118","volume":"151","author":"LN Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, L. N., Mehrara, B., Dayan, J., McGrath, L. & Coriddi, M. Accessory lymphatic drainage pathways on indocyanine green lymphography in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 151 (6), 1015E\u20131021E. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010118 (2023).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39610-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39610-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39610-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:34:52Z","timestamp":1781634892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39610-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["39610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-39610-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10008"}}