{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:52:53Z","timestamp":1772639573908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-39697-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T09:36:27Z","timestamp":1770716187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of adding transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation to vestibular rehabilitation on dizziness and postural control in vestibular migraine: a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3876-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athareh","family":"Farahani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansoureh","family":"Adel Ghahraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9368-6835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansoureh","family":"Togha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0801-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazem","family":"Malmir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6044-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shohreh","family":"Jalaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"39697_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-444-63437-5.00022-4","volume":"137","author":"M Von Brevern","year":"2016","unstructured":"Von Brevern, M. & Lempert, T. Vestibular migraine. Handbook Clin. Neurol. 137, 301\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-444-63437-5.00022-4 (2016).","journal-title":"Handbook Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2012-0453","volume":"22","author":"T Lempert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lempert, T. et al. Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. J. Vestib. Res. 22, 167\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/VES-2012-0453 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"39697_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415597890","volume":"36","author":"SJ Cho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cho, S. J. et al. Vestibular migraine in multicenter neurology clinics according to the appendix criteria in the third beta edition of the international classification of headache disorders. Cephalalgia 36, 454\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102415597890 (2016).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"39697_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419869317","volume":"40","author":"TC Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, T. C., Wang, S. J. & Kheradmand, A. Vestibular migraine: an update on current Understanding and future directions. Cephalalgia 40, 107\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102419869317 (2020).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"39697_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","volume":"38","author":"M Arnold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arnold, M. Headache classification committee of the international headache society (IHS) the international classification of headache disorders. Cephalalgia 38, 1\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102417738202 (2018).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"39697_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00012","volume":"6","author":"JM Espinosa-Sanchez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Espinosa-Sanchez, J. M. & Lopez-Escamez, J. A. New insights into pathophysiology of vestibular migraine. Front. Neurol. 6, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2015.00012 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000791","volume":"39","author":"SC Beh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beh, S. C. Vestibular migraine: how to sort it out and what to do about it. J. Neuroophthalmol. 39, 208\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000791 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"39697_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000049476.40047.a3","volume":"60","author":"H Neuhauser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neuhauser, H., Radtke, A., Von Brevern, M. & Lempert, T. Zolmitriptan for treatment of migrainous vertigo: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 60, 882\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000049476.40047.a3 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"39697_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/14038196.2010.550061","volume":"13","author":"EE Hansson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hansson, E. E. & Troein, M. Vestibular rehabilitation for vestibular migraine. Adv. Physiother. 13, 34\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14038196.2010.550061 (2011).","journal-title":"Adv. Physiother"},{"key":"39697_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.05.057","volume":"1346","author":"SK Ahn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahn, S. K. & Balaban, C. D. Distribution of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in the inner ear. Brain Res. 1346, 92\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.05.057 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"39697_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2011-0428","volume":"21","author":"CD Balaban","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balaban, C. D. Migraine, vertigo and migrainous vertigo: links between vestibular and pain mechanisms. J. Vestib. Res. 21, 315\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/VES-2011-0428 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"39697_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00124","volume":"8","author":"N Sugaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sugaya, N., Arai, M. & Goto, F. Is the headache in patients with vestibular migraine attenuated by vestibular rehabilitation? Front. Neurol. 8, 124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00124 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420941864","volume":"40","author":"SD Silberstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silberstein, S. D. et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache: a clinical update. Cephalalgia 40, 1370\u20131384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102420941864 (2020).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"39697_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190062","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1190062","volume":"14","author":"D Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, D., Li, P., Wang, Y. & Cao, J. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Neurol. 14, 1190062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1190062 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0582-9","volume":"16","author":"TM Kinfe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kinfe, T. M. et al. Cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for preventive and acute treatment of episodic and chronic migraine and migraine-associated sleep disturbance: preliminary findings from a prospective observational cohort study. J. Headache Pain. 16, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-015-0582-9 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"39697_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.006","volume":"6","author":"V Busch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Busch, V. et al. The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on pain perception\u2013an experimental study. Brain Stimul. 6, 202\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.006 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"39697_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.008","volume":"10","author":"E Frangos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frangos, E. & Komisaruk, B. R. Access to vagal projections via cutaneous electrical stimulation of the neck: fMRI evidence in healthy humans. Brain Stimul. 10, 19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.008 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"39697_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.049","volume":"26","author":"T Stephan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stephan, T. et al. Functional MRI of galvanic vestibular stimulation with alternating currents at different frequencies. Neuroimage 26, 721\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.049 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"39697_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8894-8","volume":"265","author":"OE Eren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eren, O. E. et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation significantly improves quality of life in patients with persistent postural-perceptual Dizziness. J. Neurol. 265, 63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8894-8 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1715","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008388","volume":"93","author":"SC Beh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beh, S. C. & Friedman, D. I. Acute vestibular migraine treatment with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation. Neurology 93, e1715\u2013e1719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008388 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"39697_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.10.003","volume":"16","author":"D Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, D. et al. Meniere disease treated with transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation combined with betahistine mesylate: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Stimul. 16, 1576\u20131584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2023.10.003 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"39697_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204062232211480","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223221148061","volume":"14","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. State of the art: non-invasive electrical stimulation for the treatment of chronic tinnitus. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis. 14, 20406223221148061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20406223221148061 (2023).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"39697_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2025.104714","author":"C Hang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hang, C. & Meng, X. Efficacy of auricular vagus nerve stimulation for globus pharyngeus: a prospective pilot study. Am. J. Otolaryngol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjoto.2025.104714 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"39697_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.02.015","volume":"47","author":"B Balc\u0131","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balc\u0131, B. & Akdal, G. Imbalance, motion sensitivity, anxiety and handicap in vestibular migraine and migraine only patients. Auris Nasus Larynx. 47, 747\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anl.2020.02.015 (2020).","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"39697_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.12.001","volume":"85","author":"LP Gorski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorski, L. P. et al. Body balance at static posturography in vestibular migraine. Braz J. Otorhinolaryngol. 85, 183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.12.001 (2019).","journal-title":"Braz J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"39697_CR26","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd edn (Erlbaum, 1988)."},{"key":"39697_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2017.3856","volume":"13","author":"E \u015eahin","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u015eahin, E. et al. The value of vestibular rehabilitation in patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction. J. Int. Adv. Otol. 13, 385\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/iao.2017.3856 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Int. Adv. Otol"},{"key":"39697_CR28","first-page":"81","volume":"11","author":"KR Gottshall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gottshall, K. R., Moore, R. J. & Hoffer, M. E. Vestibular rehabilitation for migraine-associated Dizziness. Int. Tinnitus J. 11, 81\u201384 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"39697_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7116-7","volume":"260","author":"J Vitkovic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vitkovic, J., Winoto, A., Rance, G., Dowell, R. & Paine, M. Vestibular rehabilitation outcomes in patients with and without vestibular migraine. J. Neurol. 260, 3039\u20133048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-013-7116-7 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.08.047","volume":"722","author":"T Babic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Babic, T. & Browning, K. N. The role of vagal neurocircuits in the regulation of nausea and vomiting. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 722, 38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.08.047 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"39697_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","volume":"11","author":"BW Badran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badran, B. W. et al. Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review. Brain Stimul. 11, 492\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"39697_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","volume":"8","author":"E Frangos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frangos, E., Ellrich, J. & Komisaruk, B. R. Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans. Brain Stimul. 8, 624\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"39697_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419833076","volume":"39","author":"DJHA Henssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henssen, D. J. H. A. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache disorders: an anatomical review to explain a clinical phenomenon. Cephalalgia 39, 1180\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102419833076 (2019).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"39697_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.04.001","volume":"91","author":"A Cuomo-Granston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cuomo-Granston, A. & Drummond, P. D. Migraine and motion sickness: what is the link? Prog Neurobiol. 91, 300\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.04.001 (2010).","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"39697_CR35","volume-title":"The Neurobiologic Mechanisms in Manipulative Therapy","author":"IM Korr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Korr, I. M. The Neurobiologic Mechanisms in Manipulative Therapy (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012)."},{"key":"39697_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195051063.003.0010","volume-title":"Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions","author":"KM Spyer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spyer, K. M. The central nervous organization of reflex circulatory control. In Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions (eds Loewy, A. D. & Spyer, K. M.) 168\u2013188 (Oxford University Press, 1990). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780195051063.003.0010."},{"key":"39697_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0528-6","volume":"19","author":"K Chakravarthy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chakravarthy, K., Chaudhry, H., Williams, K. & Christo, P. J. Review of the uses of vagal nerve stimulation in chronic pain management. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 19, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-015-0528-6 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"39697_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019202","volume":"49","author":"EC Meyers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meyers, E. C. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation enhances stable plasticity and generalization of stroke recovery. Stroke 49, 710\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019202 (2018).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"39697_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2011-0395","volume":"21","author":"GR Holstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holstein, G. R., Martinelli, G. P. & Friedrich, V. L. Anatomical observations of the caudal vestibulo-sympathetic pathway. J. Vestib. Res. 21, 49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/VES-2011-0395 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"39697_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2005-15301","volume":"15","author":"BJ Yates","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yates, B. J. & Bronstein, A. M. The effects of vestibular system lesions on autonomic regulation: observations, mechanisms, and clinical implications. J. Vestib. Res. 15, 119\u2013129 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"39697_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0657-0","volume":"114","author":"JV Jacobs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. V. & Horak, F. Cortical control of postural responses. J. Neural Transm. 114, 1339\u20131348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-007-0657-0 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm"},{"key":"39697_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15562\/bmj.v13i2.5191","author":"PT Sau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sau, P. T. et al. Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on balance in patient with chronic lower back pain. Rom J. Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15562\/bmj.v13i2.5191 (2024).","journal-title":"Rom J. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.18502\/avr.v28i2.862","volume":"28","author":"M Shaabani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shaabani, M., Shahrokhi, A., Soufinia, B., Javanbakht, M. & Bakhshi, E. The effect of vestibular rehabilitation on Dizziness and headache in patients with vestibular migraine. Audit Vestib. Res. 28, 87\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/avr.v28i2.862 (2019).","journal-title":"Audit Vestib. Res."},{"key":"39697_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6246","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11250-4","volume":"269","author":"B Balci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balci, B. & Akdal, G. Outcome of vestibular rehabilitation in vestibular migraine. J. Neurol. 269, 6246\u20136253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11250-4 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200207000-00016","volume":"23","author":"DM Wrisley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wrisley, D. M., Whitney, S. L. & Furman, J. M. Vestibular rehabilitation outcomes in patients with a history of migraine. Otol Neurotol. 23, 483\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00129492-200207000-00016 (2002).","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"39697_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002918","volume":"87","author":"SD Silberstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silberstein, S. D. et al. Chronic migraine headache prevention with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation: the EVENT study. Neurology 87, 529\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002918 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"39697_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211068813","volume":"42","author":"U Najib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Najib, U. et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for prevention of migraine: the multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled PREMIUM II trial. Cephalalgia 42, 560\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03331024211068813 (2022).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"39697_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0543-3","volume":"16","author":"A Straube","year":"2015","unstructured":"Straube, A., Ellrich, J., Eren, O., Blum, B. & Ruscheweyh, R. Treatment of chronic migraine with transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (auricular t-VNS): a randomized, monocentric clinical trial. J. Headache Pain. 16, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-015-0543-3 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"39697_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.03.004","volume":"102","author":"S Akerman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akerman, S., Simon, B. & Romero-Reyes, M. Vagus nerve stimulation suppresses acute noxious activation of trigeminocervical neurons in animal models of primary headache. Neurobiol. Dis. 102, 96\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.03.004 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"39697_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e628","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000628","volume":"2","author":"JL Hawkins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hawkins, J. L., Cornelison, L. E., Blankenship, B. A. & Durham, P. L. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits trigeminal nociception in a rodent model of episodic migraine. Pain Rep. 2, e628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000628 (2017).","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"39697_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/s1567-424x(09)70069-8","volume":"58","author":"J Ellrich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ellrich, J. Long-term depression of orofacial somatosensory processing. Suppl. Clin. Neurophysiol. 58, 195\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1567-424x(09)70069-8 (2006).","journal-title":"Suppl. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"39697_CR52","first-page":"62","volume":"105","author":"S Multon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Multon, S. & Schoenen, J. Pain control by vagus nerve stimulation: from animal to man\u2026 and back. Acta Neurol. Belg. 105, 62 (2005).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"39697_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcad071","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad071","volume":"5","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. A vertigo network derived from human brain lesions and brain stimulation. Brain Commun. 5, fcad071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad071 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"39697_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2024.104449","volume":"45","author":"M Bolandi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bolandi, M., Javanbakht, M., Shaabani, M. & Bakhshi, E. Effectiveness of bimodal stimulation of the auditory-somatosensory system in the treatment of tonal tinnitus. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 45, 104449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjoto.2024.104449 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"39697_CR55","volume-title":"Comparison of the effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation combined with conventional vestibular rehabilitation or virtual reality rehabilitation on cognitive and balance performance of patients with unilateral vestibular impairment","author":"B Khavarghazalani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khavarghazalani, B. Comparison of the effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation combined with conventional vestibular rehabilitation or virtual reality rehabilitation on cognitive and balance performance of patients with unilateral vestibular impairment (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2022)."},{"key":"39697_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/avr.v30i3.6532","author":"Z Nadimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nadimi, Z. et al. Postural control during dual task in adolescent cochlear implant users under on\/off-device conditions. Audit Vestib. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/avr.v30i3.6532 (2021).","journal-title":"Audit Vestib. Res."},{"key":"39697_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552010000300003","volume":"14","author":"M Duarte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Duarte, M. & Freitas, S. M. Revision of posturography based on force plate for balance evaluation. Braz J. Phys. Ther. 14, 183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1413-35552010000300003 (2010).","journal-title":"Braz J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"39697_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00154","volume":"6","author":"LA McGarvie","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGarvie, L. A. et al. The video head impulse test (vHIT) of semicircular Canal function\u2013age-dependent normative values of VOR gain in healthy subjects. Front. Neurol. 6, 154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2015.00154 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"39697_CR59","first-page":"769","volume":"19","author":"S Jafarzadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jafarzadeh, S., Bahrami, E., Pourbakht, A., Jalaie, S. & Daneshi, A. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Dizziness handicap inventory. J. Res. Med. Sci. 19, 769 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"39697_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_996_16","volume":"22","author":"A Kamalvand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamalvand, A., Ghahraman, M. A. & Jalaie, S. Development of the Persian version of the vertigo symptom scale: validity and reliability. J. Res. Med. Sci. 22, 58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_996_16 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"39697_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12120","volume":"14","author":"A Zandifar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zandifar, A. et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian HIT-6 questionnaire in migraine and tension\u2010type headache. Pain Pract. 14, 625\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.12120 (2014).","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"39697_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102088","volume":"46","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) for migraine: an fMRI study. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 46, 145\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2020-102088 (2021).","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"39697_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2016.41.3.231","volume":"41","author":"HY Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, H. Y. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: sample size calculation 3. Comparison of several means using one-way ANOVA. Restor. Dent. Endod. 41, 231\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5395\/rde.2016.41.3.231 (2016).","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39697-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39697-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39697-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:20:07Z","timestamp":1772619607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39697-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["39697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-39697-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8133"}}