{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T08:11:43Z","timestamp":1788595903155,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Development of lightweight structures with sustainable materials created a suitable substitute to non-renewable traditional materials due to its cost-effective, abundant availability, biodegradability, and reduced carbon emissions. However, moderate strength-stiffness and toughness of these biobased composites are not predominant for load bearing structural applications. Thus, inclusion of CNTs nanoparticles played a vital role that not only improved fracture resistance but also increased the interfacial properties with greater strength and stiffness. This study projected to develop lightweighted sustainable hybrid structures by infusing CNTs at nano level (0\u20136%) with banana-pineapple laminated fibers at different stacking arrangements. XRD and FTIR characteristics of CNTs showed better crystallinity with uniform dispersion and stretching mechanisms. TEM and FESEM analysis showed that CNTs nanoparticles are spherical in shape with a magnified surface interfacial area that greatly adhesive with epoxy matrix. The results analyzed that 3% CNTs infused BPBP and BBPP hybrid composites showed maximum tensile strength (229.94\u00a0MPa), flexural strength (190.78\u00a0MPa), interfacial shear strength (41.51\u00a0MPa), impact strength (52.39 kJ\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and energy absorbing (9.95\u00a0J) properties which is higher tensile strength (36.2% &amp; 75.4%), flexural strength (39.3% &amp; 120%), shear strength (125% &amp; 380%), impact strength (59.5% &amp; 113%), and energy absorbing (41.2% &amp; 84.6%) as compared to non-hybrid composites (BBBB &amp; PPPP) respectively. The C-scan images, ultrasonic wave patterns, and morphology analysis also revealed that 3% CNTs infused epoxy matrix are dispersed homogeneously between the fiber layers that controlled the damages and delamination during higher penetration and impact load. Finally, in order to choose the best configuration among the prepared hybrid composite structures, a novel fuzzy strategy based on Schweizer-Sklar techniques was also executed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-39717-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:07:24Z","timestamp":1770908844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Performances and decision framework of CNT-infused bio-based hybrid composites for lightweight smart structures"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Mahakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durgesh Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagesh K.","family":"Chougule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6414","key":"39717_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9072","volume":"362","author":"AK Mohanty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohanty, A. K., Vivekanandhan, S., Pin, J. M. & Misra, M. Composites from renewable and sustainable resources: challenges and innovations. Science 362 (6414), 536\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aat9072 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"39717_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6232","DOI":"10.1177\/09544062211063752","volume":"236","author":"VK Mahakur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahakur, V. K., Bhowmik, S. & Patowari, P. K. Machining parametric study on the natural fiber reinforced composites: a review. Proc. Institution Mech. Eng. Part. C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 236 (11), 6232\u20136249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544062211063752 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Institution Mech. Eng. Part. C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"39717_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-020-9640-2","volume":"38","author":"T Manickam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manickam, T. et al. Effect of stacking sequence on mechanical, water absorption, and biodegradable properties of novel hybrid composites for structural applications. Int. Polym. Proc. 38 (1), 88\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12221-020-9640-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. Polym. Proc."},{"issue":"1","key":"39717_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-024-00804-0","volume":"26","author":"S Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, S. & Bhowmik, S. Accelerated weathering with humidity effects on Physical, surface interfacial and tribology behavior of Kenaf-Pineapple laminated biocomposite under different loading constraint. Fibers Polym. 26 (1), 173\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12221-024-00804-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"issue":"7","key":"39717_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27376","volume":"44","author":"B Dev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dev, B., Rahman, A., Alam, R., Repon, R. & Nawab, Y. Mapping the progress in natural fiber reinforced composites: preparation, mechanical properties, and applications. Polym. Compos. 44 (7), 3748\u20133788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pc.27376 (2023).","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"issue":"3","key":"39717_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-019-03990-y","volume":"55","author":"A Gholampour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gholampour, A. & Ozbakkaloglu, T. A review of natural fiber composites: properties, modification and processing techniques, characterization, applications. J. Mater. Sci. 55 (3), 829\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10853-019-03990-y (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"39717_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31907","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04914-2","volume":"14","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Saha, A. & Zindani, D. Agro-waste-based polymeric composite laminates for aerospace cabin interior and identification of their optimal configuration. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery. 14 (24), 31907\u201331923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-023-04914-2 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"39717_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-021-02435-y","volume":"28","author":"A Saha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saha, A., Kumar, S. & Kumar, A. Influence of pineapple leaf particulate on mechanical, thermal and biodegradation characteristics of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polymer composite. J. Polym. Res. 28, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10965-021-02435-y (2021).","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"39717_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10157","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2021.1993487","volume":"19","author":"S Joshi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joshi, S. & Patel, S. Review on mechanical and thermal properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced composite. J. Nat. Fibers. 19 (15), 10157\u201310178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15440478.2021.1993487 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"issue":"1","key":"39717_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8485038","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8485038","volume":"2022","author":"TA Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. A. & Nguyen, T. H. Study on mechanical properties of banana fiber-reinforced materials Poly (lactic acid) composites. Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2022 (1), 8485038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8485038 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"17","key":"39717_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-024-05464-x","volume":"81","author":"A Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Mahakur, V. K. & Bhowmik, S. Utilization of banana Peel as bio-filler to develop bio-composite materials and characterize their physical, mechanical, thermal, and tribological characteristics. Polym. Bull. 81 (17), 16175\u201316196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00289-024-05464-x (2024).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"39717_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51465","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51465","volume":"139","author":"S Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Saha, A. & Bhowmik, S. Accelerated weathering effects on mechanical, thermal and viscoelastic properties of kenaf\/pineapple biocomposite laminates for load bearing structural applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 139 (2), 51465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/app.51465 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"39717_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973644","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1973644","volume":"2021","author":"TA Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. A. & Nguyen, T. H. Banana fiber-reinforced epoxy composites: mechanical properties and fire retardancy. Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2021, 1973644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1973644 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"39717_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baigh, T. A., Nanzeeba, F., Hamim, H. R. & Habib, M. A. A comprehensive study on the effect of hybridization and stacking sequence in fabricating cotton-blended jute and pineapple leaf fibre biocomposites. Heliyon 9, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19792 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19792"},{"issue":"4","key":"39717_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-024-01986-8","volume":"26","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Mahakur, V. K. & Bhowmik, S. Potential utilization of natural solid waste found in the Northeast India for development of polymeric composites: process, properties, challenges, and applications: a review. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage. 26 (4), 1979\u20131996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10163-024-01986-8 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage."},{"issue":"5","key":"39717_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2020.1788487","volume":"19","author":"S Sekar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sekar, S., Suresh Kumar, S., Vigneshwaran, S. & Velmurugan, G. Evaluation of mechanical and water absorption behavior of natural fiber-reinforced hybrid biocomposites. J. Nat. Fibers. 19 (5), 1772\u20131782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15440478.2020.1788487 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"issue":"9","key":"39717_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.26164","volume":"42","author":"A Saha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saha, A., Kumar, S. & Zindani, D. Investigation of the effect of water absorption on thermomechanical and viscoelastic properties of flax-hemp\u2010reinforced hybrid composite. Polym. Compos. 42 (9), 4497\u20134516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pc.26164 (2021).","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"39717_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dev, B. et al. Mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute\/snake plant fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Ind. Crops Prod. 218, 118903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118903 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118903"},{"issue":"1","key":"39717_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2017.634148","volume":"6","author":"M Asim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asim, M., Jawaid, M., Abdan, K., Ishak, M. R. & Alothman, O. Y. Effect of hybridization on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber\/kenaf phenolic hybrid composites. J. Renew. Mater. 6 (1), 38\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7569\/JRM.2017.634148 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"39717_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24978","volume":"40","author":"R Siakeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siakeng, R., Jawaid, M., Ariffin, H. & Sapuan, S. M. Mechanical, dynamic, and thermomechanical properties of coir\/pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polylactic acid hybrid biocomposites. Polym. Compos. 40 (5), 2000\u20132011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pc.24978 (2019).","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"39717_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baigh, T. A., Nanzeeba, F., Hamim, H. R. & Habib, M. A. A comprehensive study on the effect of hybridization and stacking sequence in fabricating cotton-blended jute and pineapple leaf fibre biocomposites. Heliyon 9, 145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19792 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19792"},{"key":"39717_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, S. & Saha, A. Effects of stacking sequence of pineapple leaf-flax reinforced hybrid composite laminates on mechanical characterization and moisture resistant properties. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 236 (3), 1733\u20131750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544062211023105 (2022).","DOI":"10.1177\/09544062211023105"},{"key":"39717_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-025-05833-0","volume":"82","author":"B Dev","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dev, B. et al. Development and mechanical characterization of jute and banana twine-reinforced hybrid epoxy composites. Polym. Bull. 82, 7289\u20137317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00289-025-05833-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"39717_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.02.033","volume":"51","author":"M Boopalan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boopalan, M., Niranjanaa, M. & Umapathy, M. J. Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Compos. Part. B: Eng. 51, 54\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.02.033 (2013).","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B: Eng."},{"key":"39717_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.07.058","volume":"64","author":"VP Arthanarieswaran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arthanarieswaran, V. P., Kumaravel, A. & Kathirselvam, M. Evaluation of mechanical properties of banana and Sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites: influence of glass fiber hybridization. Mater. Design. 64, 194\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.07.058 (2014).","journal-title":"Mater. Design"},{"key":"39717_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-015-9314-7","volume":"9","author":"P Sathish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sathish, P., Kesavan, R., Ramnath, B. V. & Vishal, C. Effect of fiber orientation and stacking sequence on mechanical and thermal characteristics of banana-kenaf hybrid epoxy composite. Silicon 9, 577\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12633-015-9314-7 (2017).","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"issue":"10","key":"39717_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2020.1848734","volume":"19","author":"M Ramesh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramesh, M., Dhilip, J. D. J., Akilan, S., Ganeshprasad, B. & Shankar, G. H. Influence of stacking sequence on mechanical and thermal characteristics of banana-pineapple fiber reinforced epoxy composites. J. Nat. Fibers. 19 (10), 3879\u20133892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15440478.2020.1848734 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"39717_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boban, A. P. et al. Quasi-static indentation, mechanical, and damage evolution of different configurations of laminated banana\u2013pineapple fiber-reinforced composites for structural application. Text. Res. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00405175251322952 (2025).","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175251322952"},{"issue":"11","key":"39717_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-021-02799-1","volume":"28","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Saha, A. & Kumar, S. Structural analysis of sol-gel derived TiO2 nanoparticles: a critical impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on thermo-mechanical mechanism of glass fiber polymer composites. J. Polym. Res. 28 (11), 441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10965-021-02799-1 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"39717_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.04.072","volume":"24","author":"A Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali, A., Koloor, S. S. R., Alshehri, A. H. & Arockiarajan, A. Carbon nanotube characteristics and enhancement effects on the mechanical features of polymer-based materials and structures\u2013a review. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24, 6495\u20136521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.04.072 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"39717_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.29701","author":"S Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Mahesh, V., Mahesh, V. & HarurSampath, D. Improving physical, mechanical and interfacial properties of glass fiber composites using modified resin system with amine-functionalized and silanized graphene nanoparticles. Polym. Compos. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pc.29701 (2025).","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"39717_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.6765","author":"A Kalita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kalita, A., Mahakur, V. K., Kumar, S. & Bhowmik, S. Evaluation and prediction of the tribological behavior of graphene nanoplatelet-and jute microfiller\u2010based bio\u2010epoxy hybrid composites. Polym. Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pi.6765 (2025).","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"39717_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajpst.20210704.14","volume":"7","author":"MJ Islam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Islam, M. J., Kamaruzzaman, J., Rahman, M. J. & Alam, M. M. Carbon nanotube reinforced natural fibers for biodegradable nanocomposites. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 7 (4), 73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ajpst.20210704.14 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"39717_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.04.535","author":"M Bhargav","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhargav, M., Babu, V. S., Sankar, P. H. & Barnwal, S. Experimental investigation of the mechanical behaviour of jute\/glass fiber composite infused with MWCNT. Mater. Today: Proc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.04.535 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"issue":"4","key":"39717_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/c9040102","volume":"9","author":"JS Neto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neto, J. S. et al. Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and thermal properties of curau\u00e1 natural-fiber-reinforced composites. C 9 (4), 102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/c9040102 (2023).","journal-title":"C"},{"key":"39717_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sathish, T., Giri, J. & Makki, E. Sisal and jute composite containing carbon nanotubes for improved mechanical and thermal performance. AIP Adv. 14, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0200131 (2024).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0200131"},{"issue":"2","key":"39717_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-023-08247-0","volume":"49","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Mahakur, V. K. & Bhowmik, S. Physico-mechanical and tribological characteristics of flax\u2013ramie fiber reinforced green composites and anticipation of fabricated composites under different loading with sliding constraint. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 49 (2), 2463\u20132482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-023-08247-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"39717_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Razavi Hajiagha, S. H. & Ahmadzadeh Kandi, N. A hybrid interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation operator-based algorithm for team member selection of international entrepreneurs. In Empirical International Entrepreneurship: A Handbook of Methods, Approaches, and Applications 395\u2013438 (Springer International Publishing, 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-68972-8_19.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68972-8_19"},{"issue":"2","key":"39717_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.6695","volume":"74","author":"VK Mahakur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahakur, V. K., Kumar, S., Bhowmik, S. & Patowari, P. K. Experimental evaluation of physicomechanical, tribological and optimality circumstances for Corchorus olitorius particle-based composites. Polym. Int. 74 (2), 127\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pi.6695 (2025).","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"39717_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalsoom, U. et al. Schweizer\u2013Sklar power aggregation operators based on complex interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information for multi-attribute decision-making. Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst. 16(1), 170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-023-00343-1 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-023-00343-1"},{"key":"39717_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jayan, J. S., Saritha, A. & Joseph, K. Innovative materials of this era for toughening the epoxy matrix: a review. Polym. Compos. 39 (S4), E1959-E1986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pc.24789 (2018).","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24789"},{"issue":"3","key":"39717_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1007\/s44196-023-00343-1","volume":"10","author":"P Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, P., Ali, Z. & Mahmood, T. Schweizer-Sklar power aggregation operators based on complex intuitionistic fuzzy information and their application in decision-making. Complex. Intell. Syst. 10 (3), 3673\u20133690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44196-023-00343-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Complex. Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"10","key":"39717_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5772","volume":"33","author":"A Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha, A. & Kumar, S. Effects of graphene nanoparticles with organic wood particles: a synergistic effect on the structural, physical, thermal, and mechanical behavior of hybrid composites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 33 (10), 3201\u20133215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pat.5772 (2022).","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"39717_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-020-04845-3","volume":"29","author":"S Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Zindani, D. & Bhowmik, S. Investigation of mechanical and viscoelastic properties of flax-and ramie-reinforced green composites for orthopedic implants. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 29, 3161\u20133171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11665-020-04845-3 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"39717_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.10.027","volume":"58","author":"IA Subagia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Subagia, I. A., Kim, Y., Tijing, L. D., Kim, C. S. & Shon, H. K. Effect of stacking sequence on the flexural properties of hybrid composites reinforced with carbon and basalt fibers. Compos. Part. B: Eng. 58, 251\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.10.027 (2014).","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B: Eng."},{"key":"39717_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Bhowmik, S. & Mahakur, V. K. Thermo-mechanical and degradation properties of naturally derived biocomposites for prosthesis applications: analysis of the interface pressure and stress distribution on the developed socket. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part E: J. Process Mech. Eng. 237 (5), 1999\u20132015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544089221131155 (2023).","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089221131155"},{"issue":"4","key":"39717_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/1023666X.2020.1781481","volume":"25","author":"M Venkatasudhahar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venkatasudhahar, M., Kishorekumar, P. & Dilip Raja, N. Influence of stacking sequence and fiber treatment on mechanical properties of carbon-jute-banana reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 25 (4), 238\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1023666X.2020.1781481 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact."},{"key":"39717_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hashim, M. K. R. et al. The effect of stacking sequence on fatigue behaviour of hybrid pineapple leaf fibre\/carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy composites. Polymers 13 (22), 3936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13223936 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13223936"},{"key":"39717_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108487","volume":"201","author":"R Rafiee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rafiee, R. & Sahraei, M. Characterizing delamination toughness of laminated composites containing carbon nanotubes: experimental study and stochastic multi-scale modeling. Compos. Sci. Technol. 201, 108487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108487 (2021).","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"39717_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2024.110535","volume":"311","author":"R Yazdanparast","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yazdanparast, R. & Rafiee, R. A rate-dependent crack bridging model for dynamic fracture of CNT-reinforced polymers. Eng. Fract. Mech. 311, 110535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2024.110535 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"39717_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hassan, S. A. et al. Effect of fiber stacking sequence and orientation on quasi-static indentation properties of sustainable hybrid carbon\/ramie fiber epoxy composites. Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem. 5, 100284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crgsc.2022.100284 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2022.100284"},{"key":"39717_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amir, S. M. M. et al. Nondestructive testing method for Kevlar and natural fiber and their hybrid composites. In Durability and Life Prediction In Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites 367\u2013388 (Woodhead Publishing, 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-102290-0.00016-7 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102290-0.00016-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"39717_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1515\/ipp-2023-4341","volume":"38","author":"S Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Bhowmik, S. & Zindani, D. Effect of stacking sequence and thickness variation on the thermo-mechanical properties of flax-kenaf laminated biocomposites and prediction of the optimal configuration using a decision-making framework. Int. Polym. Proc. 38 (3), 404\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ipp-2023-4341 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. Polym. Proc."},{"issue":"44","key":"39717_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56155","DOI":"10.1002\/app.56155","volume":"141","author":"B Dev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dev, B. et al. Eggshell bio-filler integration in jute\/banana fiber\u2010reinforced epoxy hybrid composites: fabrication and characterization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 141 (44), e56155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/app.56155 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"39717_CR55","first-page":"6388","volume":"8","author":"T Vinitha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vinitha, T., Santhosh Kumar, D., Pradeepkumar, S. L. & Deeban, B. Effect of carbon nano tubes on banana fiber reinforced materials. Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 8, 6388\u20136393 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"39717_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loganathan, T. M. et al. Physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of hybrid Cyrtostachys renda\/kenaf fiber reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-phenolic composites. Polymers 13 (19), 3448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13193448 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193448"},{"issue":"2","key":"39717_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020506","volume":"15","author":"JM Prabhudass","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prabhudass, J. M., Palanikumar, K., Natarajan, E. & Markandan, K. Enhanced thermal stability, mechanical properties and structural integrity of MWCNT filled bamboo\/kenaf hybrid polymer nanocomposites. Materials 15 (2), 506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15020506 (2022).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"39717_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.13074\/jent.2024.03.241517","volume":"13","author":"T Sathish","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sathish, T. & Saravanan, R. Jute and flax fiber composites enhancement through carbon nanotube filler. J. Environ. Nanotechnol. 13 (1), 133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13074\/jent.2024.03.241517 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"39717_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. A. et al. Hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with bamboo fibers and carbon nanotubes: enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardancy for sustainable applications. Vietnam J. Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vjch.70071 (2025).","DOI":"10.1002\/vjch.70071"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39717-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39717-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39717-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:37:24Z","timestamp":1773135444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-39717-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["39717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-39717-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8531"}}