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This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants from 2015 to 2024 in Xinjiang and their associated health risks using air quality index (AQI), aggregate air quality index (AAQI) and health risk indices (equivalent health risk\u2013based index (EHAQI) and excess risk (ER)). The study was divided into two periods for comparative analysis: period one (2015\u20132019) and period two (2020\u20132024). Results showed that PM\u2081\u2080 dominated as the primary pollutant, particularly in Southern Xinjiang. Single-pollutant metrics underestimated combined health impacts of the six pollutants. Environmental policies and lockdowns significantly reduced SO\u2082 (47.9%), CO (41.7%), PM\u2082.\u2085 (19.9%), NO\u2082 (16.4%), and PM\u2081\u2080 (12.0%) compared with Period one. The O\u2083 growth rate in Northern Xinjiang exceeded that in Southern Xinjiang by 3.7%. Health risk assessments revealed that PM\u2081\u2080-driven excess risk (ER) accounted for 80% of the total health burdens in Southern Xinjiang. While in Northern Xinjiang, NO\u2082 dominated ER, surpassing PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Spring and winter saw peak EHAQI values, and 36.0% of residents were exposed to \u201csevere\u201d pollution in spring. These findings could provide scientific evidence for PM reduction policies in Southern Xinjiang and pollution-related disease prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-39776-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1770673618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Health risk assessment of air pollution in Xinjiang, Northwest China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Heping","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"39776_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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