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The proposed system employs a novel Fuzzy Logic-based Two-Degree-of-Freedom Proportional-Integral (Fuzzy 2DOF-PI) controller, optimized using the Hippopotamus Optimization (HO) algorithm, to enhance power management and stability. The batteries address long-term energy demands, while SCs handle instantaneous power fluctuations, mitigating stress on the batteries and extending their lifespan. The control strategy ensures optimal power distribution, maintains DC bus voltage stability, and prevents battery overcharging by regulating the State of Charge (SOC) within safe limits. The system\u2019s performance is validated through MATLAB\/Simulink simulations under varying solar irradiance and load conditions. Comparative analyses with classical PI, Fuzzy PI-based Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) demonstrate the better dynamic response, reduced transient time, and minimized overshoot of the proposed approach. Results indicate improvements of at least 15% in peak overshoot and 10% in transient duration, highlighting the robustness and efficiency of the Fuzzy 2DOF-PI controller in hybrid energy storage applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40106-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T21:04:09Z","timestamp":1773695049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhanced power management in PV-Integrated hybrid energy storage systems using fuzzy 2DOF-PI control optimized by hippopotamus algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hossam","family":"Kotb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed G.","family":"Khairalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham B.","family":"ElRefaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareem M.","family":"AboRas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"40106_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4856","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184856","volume":"13","author":"J Oyekale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oyekale, J., Petrollese, M., Tola, V. & Cau, G. 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