{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:05:59Z","timestamp":1775743559997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40188-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T21:55:14Z","timestamp":1770933314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of frailty and disability in community dwelling older adults: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bader A","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norah A","family":"Alhwoaimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S","family":"Alhowimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muath A.","family":"Alqahtany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aqeel M","family":"Alenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"40188_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foley, S. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In: Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa: Development, Democracy, and Dictatorship. Routledge, 477\u2013507 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429424908-15 (2019).","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429424908-15"},{"key":"40188_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-022-01092-1","author":"B Alqahtani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B., Elnaggar, R. K., Alshehri, M. M., Khunti, K. & Alenazi, A. National and regional prevalence rates of diabetes in Saudi arabia: analysis of National survey data. Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13410-022-01092-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"40188_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275124","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1275124","volume":"11","author":"AM Alenazi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alenazi, A. M. & Alqahtani, B. A. National and regional prevalence rates of hypertension in Saudi arabia: a descriptive analysis using the National survey data. Front. Public. Health. 11, 1275124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1275124 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"40188_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05662-2","volume":"40","author":"AM Alenazi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alenazi, A. M. et al. Prevalence and incidence of osteoarthritis among people living in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Rheumatol. 40, 3523\u20133531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-021-05662-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"40188_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.04.006","volume":"83","author":"BA Alqahtani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B. A., Alshehri, M. M., Hoover, J. C. & Alenazi, A. M. Prevalence of falls among older adults in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 83, 169\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2019.04.006 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"40188_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa027","volume":"13","author":"BA Alqahtani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B. A., Alenazi, A. M., Alhowimel, A. S. & Elnaggar, R. K. The descriptive pattern of physical activity in Saudi arabia: analysis of National survey data. Int. Health. 13, 232\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa027 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"40188_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried, L. P. et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 56, M146\u2013M156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"40188_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.19-3-219","volume":"19","author":"M Hale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hale, M., Shah, S. & Clegg, A. Frailty: an overview of concepts and clinical implications. Clin. Med. 19, 219\u2013223 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"40188_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M255","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255","volume":"59","author":"LP Fried","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fried, L. P., Ferrucci, L., Darer, J., Williamson, J. D. & Anderson, G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 59, M255\u2013M263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"40188_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2001.58","volume":"1","author":"AB Mitnitski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mitnitski, A. B., Mogilner, A. J. & Rockwood, K. Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. ScientificWorldJournal 1, 323\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/tsw.2001.58 (2001).","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"40188_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alshanberi, A. M. Frailty in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\u2014prevalence and management, where are we? Healthcare 11, 1715 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11121715","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11121715"},{"key":"40188_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02142-9","volume":"21","author":"BA Alqahtani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B. A. et al. Prevalence of frailty and associated factors among Saudi community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 21, 185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02142-9 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"40188_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05662-2","volume":"40","author":"AM Alenazi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alenazi, A. M. et al. Prevalence and incidence of osteoarthritis among people living in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Rheumatol. 40, 3523\u20133531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-021-05662-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"40188_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04520-4","volume":"41","author":"BA Alqahtani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B. A. et al. Incidence of stroke among Saudi population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol. Sci. 41, 3121\u20133132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-020-04520-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"40188_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-33","volume":"11","author":"J Vermeulen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vermeulen, J., Neyens, J. C., van Rossum, E., Spreeuwenberg, M. D. & de Witte, L. P. Predicting ADL disability in community-dwelling elderly people using physical frailty indicators: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 11, 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2318-11-33 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"40188_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030419","volume":"15","author":"SM Bindawas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bindawas, S. M. & Vennu, V. The National and regional prevalence rates of disability, type, of disability and severity in Saudi Arabia\u2014analysis of 2016 demographic survey data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 15, 419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15030419 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"40188_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-9-11","volume":"9","author":"R Nasser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nasser, R. & Doumit, J. Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of activities of daily living (ADL). BMC Geriatr. 9, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2318-9-11 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"40188_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000094850","volume":"22","author":"S Oveisgharan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oveisgharan, S., Rezaei, M., Bahonar, A., Mohammadifard, N. & Sarrafzadegan, N. Barthel index in a Middle-East country: translation, validity and reliability. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 22, 350\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000094850 (2006).","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"40188_CR19","first-page":"223","volume":"18","author":"N Johnson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson, N., Barion, A., Rademaker, A., Rehkoff, G. & Weintraub, S. The activities of daily living questionnaire: a validation study in patients with dementia. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 18, 223\u2013230 (2004).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord"},{"key":"40188_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01324-002","volume":"32","author":"X Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng, X. et al. The mediating effect of pain on the association between Multimorbidity and disability and impaired physical performance among community-dwelling older adults in Southern China. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 32, 1327\u20131334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-019-01324-002 (2020).","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"40188_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873496","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.873496","volume":"10","author":"S Pengpid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pengpid, S., Peltzer, K. & Anantanasuwong, D. Bidirectional association between functional disability and Multimorbidity among middle-aged and older adults in Thailand. Front. Public. Health. 10, 873496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.873496 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"40188_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4536","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004536","volume":"95","author":"J Qian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qian, J. & Ren, X. Association between comorbid conditions and BADL\/IADL disability in hypertension patients over age 45: based on the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Medicine 95, e4536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000004536 (2016).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"40188_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.197","volume":"39","author":"BA Alqahtani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B. A. & Nasser, T. A. Assessment of frailty in Saudi community-dwelling older adults: validation of measurements. Ann. Saudi Med. 39, 197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.197 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"40188_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.197","volume":"39","author":"BA Alqahtani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B. A. & Nasser, T. A. Assessment of frailty in Saudi community-dwelling older adults: validation of study measurements. Ann. Saudi Med. Sci. 39, 197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.197 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med. Sci."},{"key":"40188_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2023.001","volume":"12","author":"C Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng, C., Burr, J. A., Yuan, Y. & Lapane, K. L. Physical frailty and cognitive function among older Chinese adults: the mediating roles of activities of daily living and depression in Chinese adults. J. Frailty Aging. 12, 156\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jfa.2023.001 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"40188_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009794","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedres.2022.1009794","volume":"9","author":"B Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, B. et al. Impact of frailty, mild cognitive impairment And cognitive frailty on adverse health outcomes among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. And meta-analysis.Front. Med. Res. 9, 1009794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmedres.2022.1009794 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. Res."},{"key":"40188_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1159\/000528984","volume":"69","author":"ARMS Ekram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ekram, A. R. M. S. et al. The association between frailty and dementia-free and physical disability-free survival in community-dwelling older adults. Geriatric Gerontol. 69, 549\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000528984 (2023).","journal-title":"Geriatric Gerontol."},{"key":"40188_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr20.22.0096","volume":"26","author":"A Hagiyama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagiyama, A., Takao, S., Matsuo, R. & Yorifuji, T. Differential associations of frailty with the incidence of mild and severe disabilities in older adults: a three-year cohort study. Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res. 26, 309\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4235\/agmr20.22.0096 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res."},{"key":"40188_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0928-7","volume":"18","author":"A Rivera-Almaraz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rivera-Almaraz, A. et al. Disability, quality of life and all-cause mortality in older Mexican adults: association with Multimorbidity and frailty. BMC Geriatr. Geriatr. 18, 236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-018-0928-7 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr. Geriatr."},{"key":"40188_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe2019.06.010","volume":"175","author":"HX Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, H. X. et al. Association between frailty and incident risk of disability in community-dwelling elder people: evidence from a meta-analysis. Public. Health Res. 175, 90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe2019.06.010 (2019).","journal-title":"Public. Health Res."},{"key":"40188_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa2014.25","volume":"3","author":"JA \u00c1vila-Funes","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-Funes, J. A. et al. Frailty is associated with disability and recent hospitalization in community-dwelling elderly: the Coyoac\u00e1n cohort study. J. Frailty Aging Res. 3, 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jfa2014.25 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging Res."},{"key":"40188_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030419","author":"SM Bindawas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bindawas, S. M. & Vennu, V. The national and regional prevalence rates of disability, type, of disability for, and severity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health Res. 15, 419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15030419 (2018). in Saudi Arabia\u2014analysis of Saudi 2016 Arabia\u2014Analysis demographic of survey 2016data Demographic Survey Data."},{"key":"40188_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02142-9","volume":"21","author":"BA Alqahtani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alqahtani, B. A. et al. Prevalence of frailty and associated factors among Saudi community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study of Saudi adults. BMC Geriatr. Geriatr. 21, 185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02142-9 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr. Geriatr."},{"key":"40188_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alenazi, A. M., Alhowimel, H. A., Alqahtani, N. A. N. A., Alshehri, B. A. Q. H. B. A. & Khunti, S. A. Prevalence and prevalence chronic of conditions multiple and long-term associated disabilities among disabilities community-dwelling adults: adults a in systematic Riyadh Saudi Arabia review. Front. Public. Health Res. 374 12. 1275124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh2024.1275124 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh2024.1275124"},{"issue":"19","key":"40188_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1212282","volume":"39","author":"G Kojima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kojima, G. Frailty as a predictor of disabilities among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil. Rehabil. 39 (19), 1897\u20131908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2016.1212282 (2017). Epub 2016 Aug 24. PMID: 27558741.","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40188-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40188-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40188-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:01:41Z","timestamp":1773050501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40188-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["40188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-40188-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/ijerph15030419","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (No. RHPT\/022\/010).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics committee approval"}}],"article-number":"8435"}}