{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:52:46Z","timestamp":1790135566080,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40298-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:54:37Z","timestamp":1773158077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incarcerated geriatric patients\u2019 experiences of aging and healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7491-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle I.","family":"Suh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0518-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nia","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiah D.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5396-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc David","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8839-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita N.","family":"Chary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"40298_CR1","unstructured":"Aebi, M. F. & Cocco, E. SPACE I: Prison Populations. Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics;1\u2013132 ."},{"key":"40298_CR2","unstructured":"Buehler, E. D. & Kluckow, R. Correctional Populations in the United States, 2022 \u2013 Statistical Tables  1\u201322 (US Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics., 2024)."},{"key":"40298_CR3","unstructured":"Widra, E. The Aging Prison Population: Causes, Costs, and Consequences. Prison Policy Initiative; 2023. Accessed January 3, 2025.\u00a0https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/2023\/08\/02\/aging\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"40298_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301148","volume":"103","author":"EJ Patterson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patterson, E. J. The Dose\u2013Response of time served in prison on mortality: new York State, 1989\u20132003. Am. J. Public. Health. 103 (3), 523\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301148 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"40298_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211052568","volume":"62","author":"MT Berg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berg, M. T., Rogers, E. M., Lei, M. K. & Simons, R. L. Losing years doing time: incarceration exposure and accelerated biological aging among African American adults. J. Health Soc. Behav. 62 (4), 460\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221465211052568 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"S1","key":"40298_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305486","volume":"110","author":"L Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. & Cloud, D. H. Mass incarceration as a Social-Structural driver of health inequities: A supplement to AJPH. Am. J. Public. Health. 110 (S1), S14\u2013S15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305486 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"40298_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175837","volume":"12","author":"FG Kouyoumdjian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kouyoumdjian, F. G., Andreev, E. M., Borschmann, R., Kinner, S. A. & McConnon, A. Do people who experience incarceration age more quickly? Exploratory analyses using retrospective cohort data on mortality from Ontario, Canada. PLoS One. 12 (4), e0175837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175837 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"40298_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15699","volume":"67","author":"L Lloyd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lloyd, L. Cognitive health and incarceration among older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 67 (3), 622\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15699 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"40298_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-018-0062-9","volume":"6","author":"M Greene","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greene, M., Ahalt, C., Stijacic-Cenzer, I., Metzger, L. & Williams, B. Older adults in jail: high rates and early onset of geriatric conditions. Health Justice. 6, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-018-0062-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"issue":"12","key":"40298_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad136","volume":"78","author":"J Baillargeon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baillargeon, J. et al. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in incarcerated older adults. Journals Gerontology: Ser. B. 78 (12), 2141\u20132146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbad136 (2023).","journal-title":"Journals Gerontology: Ser. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"40298_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20230209-02","volume":"49","author":"FA Kaiksow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaiksow, F. A., Brown, L. & Merss, K. B. Caring for the rapidly aging incarcerated population: the role of policy. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 49 (3), 7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/00989134-20230209-02 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Nurs."},{"issue":"4","key":"40298_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00662.x","volume":"54","author":"BA Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams, B. A. et al. Being old and doing time: functional impairment and adverse experiences of geriatric female prisoners. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 54 (4), 702\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00662.x (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"40298_CR13","unstructured":"Beleckis, J. Perpetuating poverty: Formerly incarcerated people warn of agonizing choices around Wisconsin\u2019s prison copays. WPR. (2022). https:\/\/www.wpr.org\/justice\/perpetuating-poverty-formerly-incarcerated-people-warn-agonizing-choices-around-wisconsins-prison. June 8, Accessed January 4, 2025."},{"issue":"10","key":"40298_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.3567","volume":"184","author":"EL Lupez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lupez, E. L. et al. Health, access to care, and financial barriers to care among people incarcerated in US prisons. JAMA Intern. Med. 184 (10), 1176\u20131184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.3567 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"40298_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20220111-01","volume":"48","author":"E Kitt-Lewis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kitt-Lewis, E. & Loeb, S. J. Emerging need for dementia care in prisons: opportunities for gerontological nurses. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 48 (2), 3\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/00989134-20220111-01 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Nurs."},{"key":"40298_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103787","volume":"72","author":"S Gaston","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gaston, S., Porritt, K. & Jordan, Z. Dementia care behind prison walls: A descriptive study Understanding nurse\u2019s knowledge and educational needs. Nurse Educ. Pract. 72, 103787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103787 (2023).","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"40298_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4762","volume":"33","author":"C Di Lorito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Lorito, C., V\u00f6llm, B. & Dening, T. The individual experience of ageing prisoners: systematic review and meta-synthesis through a good lives model framework. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 33 (2), 252\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.4762 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"40298_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14437","volume":"29","author":"V Eswaran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eswaran, V. et al. Understanding the association between frequent emergency department use and jail incarceration: A cross-sectional analysis. Acad. Emerg. Med. 29 (5), 606\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acem.14437 (2022).","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"40298_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.06.034","volume":"36","author":"PJ Maher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maher, P. J. et al. Emergency department utilization by a jail population. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 36 (9), 1631\u20131634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.06.034 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"40298_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, A. COREQ (Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative Studies). In: Guidelines for Reporting Health Research: A User\u2019s Manual. Wiley-Blackwell; 214\u2013226. (2014).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118715598.ch21"},{"key":"40298_CR21","unstructured":"Jail Population. Harris County Jail. Accessed January 20. charts. (2025). hctx.net\/jailpop\/App\/JailPopCurrent"},{"issue":"1","key":"40298_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/47.1.69","volume":"47","author":"B Resnick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Resnick, B. et al. Reliability and validity of the evaluation to sign consent measure. Gerontologist 47 (1), 69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/47.1.69 (2007).","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"9","key":"40298_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200209000-00007","volume":"40","author":"CM Callahan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Callahan, C. M., Unverzagt, F. W., Hui, S. L., Perkins, A. J. & Hendrie, H. C. Six-item screener to identify cognitive impairment among potential subjects for clinical research. Med. Care. 40 (9), 771\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-200209000-00007 (2002).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"40298_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.06.560","volume":"57","author":"CR Carpenter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carpenter, C. R., DesPain, B., Keeling, T. N., Shah, M. & Rothenberger, M. The Six-Item screener and AD8 for the detection of cognitive impairment in geriatric emergency department patients. Ann. Emerg. Med. 57 (6), 653\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.06.560 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"40298_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","volume":"173","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockwood, K. et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ 173 (5), 489\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.050051 (2005).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"40298_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx089","volume":"46","author":"A Elliott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elliott, A., Phelps, K., Regen, E. & Conroy, S. P. Identifying frailty in the emergency Department\u2014feasibility study. Age Ageing. 46 (5), 840\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afx089 (2017).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"40298_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guest, G., Bunce, A. & Johnson, L. How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. Field Methods. 18(1). Accessed November 3. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1525822x05279903","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822x05279903"},{"key":"40298_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guest, G., Namey, E. & Chen, M. A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research | PLOS ONE. PLoS ONE. 15 (5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232076 (2020).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232076"},{"issue":"7","key":"40298_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02286.x","volume":"57","author":"BA Williams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williams, B. A. et al. Caregiving behind bars: correctional officer reports of disability in geriatric prisoners. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 57 (7), 1286\u20131292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02286.x (2009).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"40298_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gnad114","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnad114","volume":"64","author":"JE James","year":"2024","unstructured":"James, J. E. We\u2019re not Patients. We\u2019re inmates: older black women\u2019s experience of Aging, Health, and illness during and after incarceration. Gerontologist 64 (4), gnad114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gnad114 (2024).","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"40298_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2024.2437449","volume":"36","author":"A O\u2019Neill","year":"2025","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, A. et al. Social care for older adults in the criminal justice system: a brief report from a nominal group. J. Forensic Psychiatr. Psychol. 36 (1), 37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789949.2024.2437449 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Forensic Psychiatr. Psychol."},{"key":"40298_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hwang, Y. I. et al. (eds) (Jane),. Population ageing, incarceration and the growing digital divide: Understanding the effects of digital literacy inequity experienced by older people leaving prison. PLoS One. 19 (4), e0297482 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297482"},{"issue":"3","key":"40298_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/jchc.23.11.0095","volume":"30","author":"W Stewart","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stewart, W. & Prost, S. G. Supporting Older, Frail, and vulnerable adult prisoners through peer care: Observations, Reflections, and recommendations based on a UK\/U.S. Researcher exchange visit. J. Correctional Health Care. 30 (3), 149\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jchc.23.11.0095 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Correctional Health Care"},{"key":"40298_CR34","unstructured":"Hongo, A. et al. The Gold Coats-An Exceptional Standard of Care 1st edn (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016)."},{"key":"40298_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071521-031648","volume":"44","author":"M Knowles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knowles, M., Crowley, A. P., Vasan, A. & Kangovi, S. Community health worker integration with and effectiveness in health care and public health in the united States. Annu. Rev. Public. Health. 44, 363\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071521-031648 (2023).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"40298_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17325","volume":"69","author":"U Ohuabunwa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ohuabunwa, U. et al. An integrated model of care utilizing community health workers to promote safe transitions of care. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 69 (9), 2638\u20132647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.17325 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"40298_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S433","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igz038.1620","volume":"3","author":"V Gruss","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gruss, V. & Hasnain, M. Addressing the needs of incarcerated inmates with dementia: creating Dementia-Friendly prisons. Innov. Aging. 3 (Suppl 1), S433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igz038.1620 (2019).","journal-title":"Innov. Aging"},{"key":"40298_CR38","unstructured":"Ewing, M. When Prisons Need to Be More Like Nursing Homes. The Marshall Project. August 27,\u00a02025. Accessed April 14. (2015). https:\/\/www.themarshallproject.org\/2015\/08\/27\/when-prisons-need-to-be-more-like-nursing-homes"},{"issue":"2","key":"40298_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10912-021-09695-1","volume":"43","author":"JD DiZoglio","year":"2022","unstructured":"DiZoglio, J. D. & Telma, K. Proposing abolition theory for carceral medical education. J. Med. Humanit. 43 (2), 335\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10912-021-09695-1 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Med. Humanit."},{"key":"40298_CR40","unstructured":"State Medical and Geriatric Parole Laws. Accessed April 14. (2025). https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/civil-and-criminal-justice\/state-medical-and-geriatric-parole-laws"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40298-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40298-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40298-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T08:32:57Z","timestamp":1774513977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40298-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["40298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-40298-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Review Board (H-56301). Participants were approached for inclusion in the study if they had the ability to consent based on the Evaluate to Sign Consent measure. Only participants who consented were included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"9936"}}