{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:55:37Z","timestamp":1781636137710,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR078898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR078898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR078898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR078898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR078898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR078898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR078898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR078898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR078898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR078898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR078898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR078898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tendon loading dictates rehabilitation outcomes in Achilles tendinopathy but is difficult to track in the real world. In this study, we used instrumented insole sensors to monitor Achilles tendon load for two weeks in fifteen individuals with Achilles tendinopathy, who also completed assessments of their plantar flexor strength, dynamic function, and survey-based outcomes. We used insole data to estimate two types of cumulative Achilles tendon load: overall (\u2265\u20090.3\u00d7body weight) and high-level load (\u2265\u20093\u00d7body weight). We determined Pearson correlations between (1) overall and high-level tendon loads, (2) plantar flexor moment, power, work, (3) heel raise height, repetitions, countermovement jump height, and (4) self-reported symptoms and activity. Overall cumulative tendon load moderately correlated to isometric plantar flexor moment (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.543) and weakly to isokinetic and dynamic functions (0.128\u20130.413). Cumulative high-level tendon load strongly correlated to heel raise height (0.687) and fast isokinetic moment (0.625), and moderately to other functional measures (0.470\u20130.592). Symptoms weakly correlated to overall (0.392) and moderately to high-level load (0.436). Self-reported activity weakly correlated to overall (0.297) and strongly to high-level load (0.617). Stronger associations with the high-level Achilles tendon load than the overall load suggest that clinical function assessments provide insight into the real-world performance of high-loading activities. In contrast, the disconnect between overall tendon loading and plantar flexor function may explain the variability in recovery outcomes. Self-reported activity and standard heel raises represent high-level tendon load well, yet they do not always suggest functional deficit. Sensor-monitored tendon load shows promise as a new biomarker for real-world plantar flexor function in Achilles tendinopathy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40438-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T11:45:24Z","timestamp":1771415124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two-week cumulative tendon load estimated from insole sensor contact forces is associated with plantar flexor function in Achilles tendinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle P.","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Pohlig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Gr\u00e4vare","family":"Silbernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh R.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"40438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1374-z","volume":"19","author":"CN van Dijk","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Dijk, C. N., van Sterkenburg, M. N., Wiegerinck, J. I., Karlsson, J. & Maffulli, N. Terminology for Achilles tendon related disorders. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 19, 835\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-010-1374-z (2011).","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"40438_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262301","volume":"42","author":"AD Lopes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopes, A. D., Hespanhol J\u00fanior, L. C., Yeung, S. S. & Costa, L. O. What are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries? A systematic review. Sports Med. 42, 891\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03262301 (2012).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506298279","volume":"35","author":"KG Silbernagel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silbernagel, K. G., Thome\u00e9, R., Eriksson, B. I. & Karlsson, J. Continued sports activity, using a pain-monitoring model, during rehabilitation in patients with Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Am. J. Sports Med. 35, 897\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546506298279 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260030301","volume":"26","author":"H Alfredson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alfredson, H., Pietil\u00e4, T., Jonsson, P. & Lorentzon, R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Am. J. Sports Med. 26, 360\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465980260030301 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4720","volume":"44","author":"M Stevens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stevens, M. & Tan, C. W. Effectiveness of the Alfredson protocol compared with a lower repetition-volume protocol for midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 44, 59\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2014.4720 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"40438_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.0302","volume":"48","author":"RL Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, R. L. et al. Achilles pain, stiffness, and muscle power deficits: midportion Achilles tendinopathy revision 2018. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 48, A1\u2013A38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2018.0302 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"40438_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002459","volume":"53","author":"JR Baxter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baxter, J. R., Corrigan, P., Hullfish, T. J., O\u2019Rourke, P. & Silbernagel, K. G. Exercise progression to incrementally load the Achilles tendon. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 53, 124\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002459 (2021).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"40438_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00545-5","volume":"8","author":"G Radovanovi\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radovanovi\u0107, G., Bohm, S., Peper, K. K., Arampatzis, A. & Legerlotz, K. Evidence-based high-loading tendon exercise for 12 weeks leads to increased tendon stiffness and cross-sectional area in Achilles tendinopathy: a controlled clinical trial. Sports Med. Open. 8, 149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-022-00545-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open."},{"key":"40438_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3904-1","volume":"118","author":"JM Geremia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geremia, J. M. et al. Effects of high loading by eccentric triceps Surae training on Achilles tendon properties in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 118, 1725\u20131736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-018-3904-1 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"40438_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6764","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6764","volume":"7","author":"A Werkhausen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Werkhausen, A. et al. Training-induced increase in Achilles tendon stiffness affects tendon strain pattern during running. PeerJ 7, e6764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.6764 (2019).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"40438_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-018-1017-5","volume":"13","author":"R Aicale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aicale, R., Tarantino, D. & Maffulli, N. Overuse injuries in sport: a comprehensive overview. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 13, 309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-018-1017-5 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"40438_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.0103","volume":"44","author":"KG Silbernagel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silbernagel, K. G. Does one size fit all when it comes to exercise treatment for Achilles tendinopathy? J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 44, 42\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2014.0103 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"40438_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.029769","volume":"41","author":"BL Woodley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Woodley, B. L., Newsham-West, R. J. & Baxter, G. D. Chronic tendinopathy: effectiveness of eccentric exercise. Br. J. Sports Med. 41, 188\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2006.029769 (2007).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384789","volume":"39","author":"KG Silbernagel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silbernagel, K. G., Brorsson, A. & Lundberg, M. The majority of patients with Achilles tendinopathy recover fully when treated with exercise alone: a 5-year follow-up. Am. J. Sports Med. 39, 607\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546510384789 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090035","volume":"46","author":"A van der Plas","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Plas, A. et al. A 5-year follow-up study of alfredson\u2019s heel-drop exercise programme in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Br. J. Sports Med. 46, 214\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090035 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7772","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807772","volume":"10","author":"CC Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang, C. C. & Hsu, Y. L. A review of accelerometry-based wearable motion detectors for physical activity monitoring. Sens. (Basel). 10, 7772\u20137788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100807772 (2010).","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel)"},{"key":"40438_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7639","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197639","volume":"22","author":"CM Dolson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dolson, C. M. et al. Wearable sensor technology to predict core body temperature: a systematic review. Sens. (Basel). 22, 7639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22197639 (2022).","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel)"},{"key":"40438_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18694","DOI":"10.2196\/18694","volume":"8","author":"D Fuller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fuller, D. et al. Reliability and validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: systematic review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 8, e18694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/18694 (2020).","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"40438_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2022.102534","volume":"58","author":"ST Oskouei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oskouei, S. T., Malliaras, P., Hill, K. D., Clark, R. & Perraton, L. Evaluating daily physical activity and Biomechanical measures using wearable technology in people with Achilles tendinopathy: a descriptive exploratory study. Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract. 58, 102534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2022.102534 (2022).","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"40438_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2023.04.001","volume":"120","author":"ST Oskouei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oskouei, S. T., Malliaras, P., Hill, K. D., Clark, R. & Perraton, L. Monitoring physical activity using wearable technology in people with Achilles tendinopathy undergoing physiotherapy treatment: a feasibility prospective cohort study. Physiotherapy 120, 38\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physio.2023.04.001 (2023).","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"40438_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45375-x","volume":"13","author":"MP Kwon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwon, M. P., Hullfish, T. J., Humbyrd, C. J., Boakye, L. A. T. & Baxter, J. R. Wearable sensor and machine learning estimate tendon load and walking speed during immobilizing boot ambulation. Sci. Rep. 13, 18086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-45375-x (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"40438_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109925","volume":"109","author":"TJ Hullfish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hullfish, T. J., O\u2019Connor, K. M. & Baxter, J. R. Instrumented immobilizing boot paradigm quantifies reduced Achilles tendon loading during gait. J. Biomech. 109, 109925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109925 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"40438_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.04.016","volume":"79","author":"TJ Hullfish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hullfish, T. J. & Baxter, J. R. A simple instrumented insole algorithm to estimate plantar flexion moments. Gait Posture. 79, 92\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.04.016 (2020).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"40438_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.12.016","volume":"37","author":"A Forner Cordero","year":"2004","unstructured":"Forner Cordero, A., Koopman, H. J. & van der Helm, F. C. Use of pressure insoles to calculate the complete ground reaction forces. J. Biomech. 37, 1427\u20131432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.12.016 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"40438_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2022.2107816","volume":"40","author":"LJ Elstub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elstub, L. J. et al. Tibial bone forces can be monitored using shoe-worn wearable sensors during running. J. Sports Sci. 40, 1741\u20131749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2022.2107816 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"40438_CR26","unstructured":"Campbell, M. J. Correlation and Regression. in Statistics at Square One (ed. Campbell, M. J.) 169 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012)."},{"key":"40438_CR27","unstructured":"Evans, J. D. Straightforward Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (Brooks\/Cole Publishing Co., 1996)."},{"key":"40438_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.10271","volume":"51","author":"SL Hanlon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanlon, S. L., Pohlig, R. T. & Silbernagel, K. G. Beyond the diagnosis: using patient characteristics and domains of tendon health to identify latent subgroups of Achilles tendinopathy. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 51, 440\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2021.10271 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"40438_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2023.11330","volume":"53","author":"SL Hanlon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hanlon, S. L., Pohlig, R. T. & Silbernagel, K. G. Differences in recovery of tendon health explained by midportion Achilles tendinopathy subgroups: a 6-month follow-up. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 53, 217\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2023.11330 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"40438_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0063","volume":"2","author":"JH Migueles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Migueles, J. H., Rowlands, A. V., Huber, F., Sabia, S. & van Hees, V. T. GGIR: a research community\u2013driven open source R package for generating physical activity and sleep outcomes from multi-day Raw accelerometer data. J. Meas. Phys. Behav. 2, 188\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0063 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Meas. Phys. Behav."},{"key":"40438_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2586891","volume":"63","author":"A Rajagopal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajagopal, A. et al. Full-body musculoskeletal model for muscle-driven simulation of human gait. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 63, 2068\u20132079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2016.2586891 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"40438_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0300","volume":"32","author":"MB McCullough","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCullough, M. B., Ringleb, S. I., Arai, K., Kitaoka, H. B. & Kaufman, K. R. Moment arms of the ankle throughout the range of motion in three planes. Foot Ankle Int. 32, 300\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/FAI.2011.0300 (2011).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"40438_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210000","volume":"14","author":"ES Matijevich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matijevich, E. S., Branscombe, L. M., Scott, L. R. & Zelik, K. E. Ground reaction force metrics are not strongly correlated with tibial bone load when running across speeds and slopes: implications for science, sport and wearable tech. PLoS One. 14, e0210000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210000 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"40438_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108263","volume":"58","author":"RJ de Vos","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Vos, R. J. et al. ICON 2023: international scientific tendinopathy symposium Consensus \u2013 the core outcome set for Achilles tendinopathy (COS-AT) using a systematic review and a Delphi study of professional participants and patients. Br. J. Sports Med. 58, 1175\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108263 (2024).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14178","volume":"32","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corrigan, P. et al. Tendon loading in runners with Achilles tendinopathy: relations to pain, structure, and function during return-to-sport. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 32, 1201\u20131212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14178 (2022).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"40438_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200301000-00003","volume":"13","author":"N Maffulli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maffulli, N. et al. Clinical diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy with tendinosis. Clin. J. Sport Med. 13, 11\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00042752-200301000-00003 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"40438_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris, P. A. et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J. Biomed. Inf. 42, 377\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"40438_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris, P. A. et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J. Biomed. Inf. 95, 103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"40438_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.5.335","volume":"35","author":"JM Robinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robinson, J. M. et al. The VISA-A questionnaire: a valid and reliable index of the clinical severity of Achilles tendinopathy. Br. J. Sports Med. 35, 335\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.35.5.335 (2001).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"40438_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1986.tb08956.x","volume":"711","author":"G Grimby","year":"1986","unstructured":"Grimby, G. Physical activity and muscle training in the elderly. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 711, 233\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1986.tb08956.x (1986).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"40438_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hullfish, T. J., O\u2019Connor, K. M. & Baxter, J. R. Medial gastrocnemius muscle remodeling correlates with reduced plantarflexor kinetics 14 weeks following Achilles tendon rupture. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 127, 1005\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00255.2019 (2019).","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00255.2019"},{"key":"40438_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110665","volume":"127","author":"RM Kanko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanko, R. M., Laende, E. K., Davis, E. M., Selbie, W. S. & Deluzio, K. J. Concurrent assessment of gait kinematics using marker-based and markerless motion capture. J. Biomech. 127, 110665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110665 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"40438_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111751","volume":"157","author":"K Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, K., Hullfish, T. J., Scattone Silva, R., Silbernagel, K. G. & Baxter, J. R. Markerless motion capture estimates of lower extremity kinematics and kinetics are comparable to marker-based across 8 movements. J. Biomech. 157, 111751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111751 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"40438_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.29.6.655","volume":"29","author":"P Flor\u00eda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flor\u00eda, P. & Harrison, A. J. The effect of arm action on the vertical jump performance in children and adult females. J. Appl. Biomech. 29, 655\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.29.6.655 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"40438_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.013","volume":"47","author":"S Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, S., Park, S. & Choi, S. Countermovement strategy changes with vertical jump height to accommodate feasible force constraints. J. Biomech. 47, 3162\u20133168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.013 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"40438_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4939","volume":"44","author":"RL Chimenti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chimenti, R. L., Tome, J., Hillin, C. D., Flemister, A. S. & Houck, J. Adult-acquired Flatfoot deformity and age-related differences in foot and ankle kinematics during the single-limb heel-rise test. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 44, 283\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2014.4939 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"40438_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111387","volume":"145","author":"LJ Elstub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elstub, L. J. et al. Effect of pressure insole sampling frequency on insole-measured peak force accuracy during running. J. Biomech. 145, 111387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111387 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"40438_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49063-7","volume":"9","author":"EM Keuler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keuler, E. M., Loegering, I. F., Martin, J. A., Roth, J. D. & Thelen, D. G. Shear wave predictions of Achilles tendon loading during human walking. Sci. Rep. 9, 13419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-49063-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"40438_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.12.114","volume":"192","author":"A de Myttenaere","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Myttenaere, A., Golden, B., Le Grand, B. & Rossi, F. Mean absolute percentage error for regression models. Neurocomputing 192, 38\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.12.114 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"40438_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102690","volume":"74","author":"ES Matijevich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matijevich, E. S., Scott, L. R., Volgyesi, P., Derry, K. H. & Zelik, K. E. Combining wearable sensor signals, machine learning and biomechanics to estimate tibial bone force and damage during running. Hum. Mov. Sci. 74, 102690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102690 (2020).","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"40438_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo, T. K. & Li, M. Y. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr. Med. 15, 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012 (2016).","journal-title":"J Chiropr. Med"},{"key":"40438_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14947735","author":"K Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song, K. et al. Two weeks of cumulative tendon load monitored by insole sensors is associated with plantar flexor function in Achilles tendinopathy. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14947735 (2025).","journal-title":"Zenodo"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40438-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40438-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40438-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:26:05Z","timestamp":1781634365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40438-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["40438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-40438-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9495"}}