{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:35:14Z","timestamp":1777624514659,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40659-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T22:26:10Z","timestamp":1773699970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perineal muscle strength as a predictor of stress urinary incontinence among young parous women in Mangaluru India"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Amisha S","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunnath Chacko","family":"Leena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"40659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aoki, Y, Brown HW, Brubaker L, Cornu JN, Daly JO, Cartwright R.. Urinary incontinence in women. Nat Rev Dis Primers (2017); 3, 17042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.42. Erratum in. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, 17097 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.42."},{"key":"40659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20798","volume":"29","author":"BT Haylen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haylen, B. T.\u00a0de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) Joint Report on the Terminology for Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodyn. 29, 4\u201320 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"40659_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.10.050","volume":"191","author":"WF Stewart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stewart W. F, Hirsh AG, Kirchner HL, Clarke DN, Litchtenfeld MJ, Minassian VA. Urinary incontinence incidence: quantitative meta-analysis of factors that explain variation. J. Urol. 191(4), 996\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2013.10.050 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"2","key":"40659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmit.2013.02.005","volume":"2","author":"AK Dass","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dass A K, Lo T. S., Khanuengkitkong S, Tan Y L. Diagnosis and conservative management of female stress urinary incontinence. Gynecol. Minim. Invasive Ther. 2(2), 48\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gmit.2013.02.005 (2013).","journal-title":"Gynecol. Minim. Invasive Ther."},{"key":"40659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S421488","volume":"16","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q,\u00a0 Que Y Z, Wan X Y,\u00a0 Lin C Q. Prevalence, risk factors, and impact on life of female urinary incontinence: an epidemiological survey of 9584 women in a region of southeastern China. Risk Manag Healthc. Policy. 16, 1477\u20131487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S421488 (2023).","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc. Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"40659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09993.x","volume":"108","author":"DE Irwin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Irwin D E, Kopp Z S, Agatep B, Milsom I,\u00a0 Abrams P. Worldwide prevalence estimates of lower urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction. BJU Int. 108(7), 1132\u20131138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09993.x (2011).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"40659_CR7","unstructured":"Lugo T, Leslie S W, Mikes B A, Wiygul J, Sajjad H. Stress urinary incontinence. In StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing, 2024). https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539769\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"40659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.19236","volume":"63","author":"DK Newman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Newman D, Wyman J, Sutcliffe S, McGwin G, Elgayar S, Kenton K, et al. Pelvic floor muscle strength in a population-based study of US women. Obstet. Gynecol. Sci. 63(5), 577\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5468\/ogs.19236 (2024).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"40659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.19236","volume":"63","author":"DM Bertacini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertacini D M, Beleza ACS, Driusso P. The effect of parity on the function of pelvic floor musculature in the long term: cross-sectional study. Obstet. Gynecol. Sci. 63(5), 577\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5468\/ogs.19236 (2020).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"40659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.01.037","volume":"70","author":"RM T\u00e4htinen","year":"2016","unstructured":"T\u00e4htinen RM, Cartwright R, Tsui JF, Aaltonen RL, Aoki Y, C\u00e1rdenas JL, et al. Long-term impact of mode of delivery on stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Urol. 70(1), 148\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.01.037 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"2","key":"40659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00412-0","volume":"12","author":"R Sullivan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sullivan R, McNicholas T, Claffey P, Kenny R A,\u00a0 Briggs R. Unreported urinary incontinence: population-based prevalence and factors associated with non-reporting of symptoms in community-dwelling people\u2009\u2265\u200950 years. Eur. Geriatr. Med. 12(2), 405\u2013412 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"40659_CR12","first-page":"13","volume":"8","author":"F Mallah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mallah F, Montazeri A, Ghanbari Z, Tavoli A, Haghollahi F, Aziminekoo E. Effect of urinary incontinence on quality of life among Iranian women. J. Fam Reprod. Health. 8(1), 13\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Fam Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"40659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58040525","volume":"58","author":"M Frigerio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frigerio M, Barba M, Cola A, Braga A, Celardo A, Munno GM, et al. Quality of life, psychological well-being, and sexuality in women with urinary incontinence\u2014where are we now: a narrative review. Medicina 58(4), 525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58040525 (2022).","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"40659_CR14","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management (NICE guideline NG123) (NICE, 2019). https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng123"},{"key":"40659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005654","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005654.pub4","volume":"10","author":"C Dumoulin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, CD005654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005654.pub4 (2018).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"40659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0779-8","volume":"30","author":"K B\u00f8","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00f8, K. Pelvic floor muscle training in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and sexual dysfunction. World J. Urol. 30(4), 437\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-011-0779-8 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"issue":"4","key":"40659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1033_24","volume":"160","author":"A Mittal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Munshi H, Khan T, Anand S, Gajbhiye R. Expanding the women\u2019s health paradigm beyond reproductive boundaries. Indian J. Med. Res. 160(4), 469\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1033_24 (2025).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"40659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20231701","volume":"10","author":"R Soni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soni R,\u00a0 Bindra S. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in women. Int. J. Community Med. Public. Health. 10(6), 2234\u20132238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20231701 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public. Health"},{"key":"40659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guralnick ML, Fritel X, Tarcan T, Espuna-Pons M, Rosier PFWM. ICS educational module: cough stress test in the evaluation of female urinary incontinence: introducing the ICS-Uniform cough stress test. Neurourol. Urodyn. 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.23519 (2018).","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23519"},{"issue":"24","key":"40659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.042","volume":"107","author":"C Dannecker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dannecker C, Friese K, Stief C, Bauer R. Urinary incontinence in women\u2014Part 1 of a series of articles on incontinence. Dtsch. Arztebl Int. 107(24), 420\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2010.042 (2010).","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl Int."},{"key":"40659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24658","author":"H Frawley","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00a0Frawley H, Shelly B, Morin M, Bernard S, B\u00f8 K, Digesu GA, et al. An International Continence Society (ICS) Report on the Terminology for Pelvic Floor Muscle Assessment. Neurourol. Urodyn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.24658 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"40659_CR22","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Pelvic floor re-education","author":"DK Newman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Newman D K,\u00a0 Laycock J. Clinical evaluation of the pelvic floor muscles. In: (ed Laycock, J.) Pelvic floor re-education. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 91\u2013104. (2008).","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"40659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.109981","volume":"29","author":"U Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh U, Agarwal P, Verma ML, Dalela D, Singh N, Shankhwar P. Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence in Indian women: a hospital-based survey. Indian J. Urol. 29(1), 31\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-1591.109981 (2013).","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"40659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-06059-6","volume":"23","author":"S Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai S, Chen H, Luo T. Prevalence and factors of urinary incontinence among postpartum women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 23(1), 761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-023-06059-6 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"7","key":"40659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1177\/10547738211000350","volume":"30","author":"S G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fsoy","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fsoy S, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk R, Kavlak O, Hortu \u0130, Yeniel A\u00d6. Investigating pelvic floor muscle strength in women of reproductive age and factors affecting it. Clin. Nurs. Res. 30(7), 1047\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10547738211000350 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"40659_CR26","first-page":"1320","volume":"127","author":"SL Wesnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wesnes SL, Seim E Birthweight and urinary incontinence after childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.\u00a08:100115. doi:10.1016\/j.eurox.2020.100115.(2020).","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"40659_CR27","first-page":"11","volume":"1","author":"M Gwazo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gwazo M, Barageine JK, Kazibwe L. Risk Factors for Perineal Tears Among Women Delivering at Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Uganda: A Case Control Study. J. Clin. Cases Rep. 1, 11 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Cases Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"40659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-017-3538-6","volume":"29","author":"RP Thomaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomaz R P, Colla C, Darski C, Paiva L L. Influence of pelvic floor muscle fatigue on stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Int. Urogynecol. J. 29(2), 197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-017-3538-6 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"40659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-023-01375-7","volume":"23","author":"E Koroknai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koroknai E, R\u00e1tonyi D, P\u00e1kozdy K, Sipos AG, Krasznai Z, Takacs P,et al. Correlation between the female pelvic floor biomechanical parameters and the severity of stress urinary incontinence. BMC Urol. 23, 198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-023-01375-7 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"40659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1681-7","volume":"23","author":"SM Baracho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baracho SM, Barbosa da Silva L, Baracho E, Lopes da Silva Filho A, Sampaio RF, Mello de Figueiredo E. Pelvic floor muscle strength predicts stress urinary incontinence in primiparous women after vaginal delivery. Int. Urogynecol. J. 23, 899\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-012-1681-7 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40659-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40659-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40659-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:28:54Z","timestamp":1777418934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40659-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["40659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-40659-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this research was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee-Yenepoya Ethics Committee-1of Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India (Ref No: YEC-1\/2021\/064). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. All participants were assured privacy and confidentiality, given the right to withdraw from the study at any point. The obtained data were anonymized to protect participant privacy All procedures adhered to institutional guidelines and conformed to the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"13715"}}