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Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40709-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40709-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40709-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:03:08Z","timestamp":1774350188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-40709-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["40709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-40709-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All experimental protocols, under the Ph.D. project of Shahin Ahmadian title \u201cStudy of the restorative effects of engineered exosomes containing Nrf2 activator in a rat model with azoospermia,\u201d were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (approval number IR.TBZMED.AEC.1401.084; approval date: February 13, 2023). All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, relevant institutional regulations and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. The human serum samples utilized in this project were remnants from routine screenings at the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. These samples were delivered to the laboratory in a completely anonymous manner, with no personal identifiers provided to the research team before the exosome extraction process. The ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent for the use of these anonymous residual samples.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"9752"}}