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In French Guiana, the geographical coexistence of malaria, acute toxoplasmosis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis may result in sequential or simultaneous infections. This study assesses the seroprevalence of protozoan multi-infections and their impact on host responses compared to individual infections. We analyzed plasma samples and clinical data from patients with these diseases and healthy controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009253) collected at Cayenne Hospital Centre between 2012 and 2022. Seroprevalence for\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. was determined using chemiluminescence and ELISA, and cytokine and chemokine levels were measured via a multiplex assay. Multivariate analysis was utilized to identify distinct biological markers and disease signatures of single and co-infections. About 60% of patients were seropositive for at least two pathogens, with 2.4% having concomitant infections. Significant differences were noted in cytokine profiles, particularly levels of IL-10, IL-17, IL-33, and IFN-\u03b1, between single and co-infected patients. These results underline the complex dynamics and high prevalence of co-infections, providing crucial insights for developing effective public health strategies and biomarkers, especially in endemic regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40930-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T19:23:09Z","timestamp":1773688989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling complex interactions during Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, and Leishmania co-infections in French Guiana"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"K\u00e9vin","family":"N\u00e9ron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Fesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Demar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylviane","family":"Pied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"40930_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2908","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002908","volume":"8","author":"G Kamuyu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kamuyu, G. et al. 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