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As SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins are susceptible to mutations, the nucleocapsid protein (NP) with its highly conserved gene sequence is an attractive target for studying virus-host interactions. NP plays a key role in the coronavirus life cycle, modulating viral RNA packaging, transcription, and assembly. In addition, its abundant expression during infection makes it a valuable diagnostic marker. NP is involved in modulating the host\u2019s innate immunity; however, the cellular mechanisms of its pathogenicity are not yet fully understood. This study developed and characterized murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the SARS-CoV-2 NP to investigate its antigenic regions and utilize the MAbs in virus-detecting systems or cellular NP blocking assays. The MAbs showed cross-reactivity with Omicron NP, recognizing epitopes within functionally active domains. They also identified NP in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, supporting their feasibility in future immunoassays. Additionally, the ability to inhibit NP-cell interaction was assessed, with MAbs 4B3, 7F10, 16D9, and 18A8 found to reduce NP internalization. Overall, this study provides well-characterized tools for investigating SARS-CoV-2 antigenicity and pathogenicity and demonstrates the functional potential of the generated MAbs in studying NP-mediated host cell interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40984-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:54:42Z","timestamp":1772268882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies as tools for studying its antigenic structure and interaction with host cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Agn\u0117","family":"Rimkut\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martynas","family":"Simanavi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indr\u0117","family":"Dalg\u0117dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evaldas","family":"\u010ciplys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Wernike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vytaut\u0117","family":"Starkuvien\u0117-Erfle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelija","family":"\u017dvirblien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indr\u0117","family":"Ku\u010dinskait\u0117-Kodz\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"40984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","volume":"367","author":"AM Zaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaki, A. 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