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Because the standard diet already supplies 1,000 IU\/kg vitamin D\u2083 and is widely regarded as adequate for growing rats, poorer skeletal outcomes at 0 IU\/kg and favorable outcomes at 1,000 IU\/kg are expected. The studies objective was therefore to quantify the magnitude and map which dimensions of bone quality respond to vitamin D across the adolescent-to-young-adult transition, and to test whether a supraphysiological intake (5,000 IU\/kg) confers additional benefit and we hypothesized that moderate vitamin D would improve bone outcomes versus deficiency, whereas a high dose would offer no added advantage. Male and female Wistar rats (\u2248\u20097 weeks old;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096\/sex\/group) were fed for 12 weeks diets containing 0, 1000, or 5000 IU\/kg vitamin D. The right femur was assessed by DXA (BMD), three-point bending (strength, energy absorption, stiffness), growth-plate morphometry, elemental composition, and X-ray diffraction of hydroxyapatite; RANKL\/OC\/VEGF immunoexpression and serum 25(OH)D were measured. Diets produced graded systemic exposure: 25(OH)D increased with dose in both sexes. Across outcomes, sex showed a strong main effect (males larger\/stronger), while dose effects were selective. Compared with 0 IU\/kg, 1000 IU\/kg increased BMD and several mechanical endpoints (e.g., maximum force\/energy) primarily in males, and improved material behavior (post-yield strain) without altering elastic modulus. Growth plate effects were limited: the hypertrophic (Zone IV) thickness was lower with deficiency and greater with supplementation, with sex- and dose-specific patterns; other zones showed minimal dose effects. The 5000 IU\/kg diet raised 25(OH)D but did not consistently outperform 1000 IU\/kg and showed no broad detriments across measured variables. During late growth, moderate vitamin D (1000 IU\/kg) improves femoral mass and selected mechanical\/biomechanical properties relative to deficiency, with sex-specific magnitudes of effect. A higher dose (5000 IU\/kg) increases circulating vitamin D metabolite, but provides no clear additional skeletal benefit. These data support moderate supplementation as optimal in this model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41077-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T11:33:12Z","timestamp":1771759992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of dietary vitamin D supplementation on bone microarchitecture, mineralization, and mechanical properties in Wistar rat animal model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cezary","family":"Osiak-Wicha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siemowit","family":"Muszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Szymczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Oczkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u015awi\u0105tkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Wi\u0105cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin B.","family":"Arciszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"41077_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Combs, F. 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