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Although these unique properties enable their extensive applications, including wastewater treatment, their cell biological applications at neutral pH remain limited by difficulties in maintaining stability and surface charge. Here, we succeeded in generating both positively and negatively charged NBs, achieving high zeta potentials in human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cell (NPC) and neuron culture media (pH 7.4). Similar to their bactericidal effects, NBs induced cell death in iPSC-derived cells, with positively charged NBs showing stronger cytotoxicity than negatively charged ones. This may be because the cell membrane carries a negative charge, making positively charged NBs more likely to approach and interact with the membrane, or because positively charged nanobubbles exhibit stronger radical generation. In future, we aim to elucidate the molecular biological mechanisms underlying NB-induced cell death and to contribute to the potential application of nanobubbles in regenerative medicine. This study will serve as an initial step toward that goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41156-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:15:43Z","timestamp":1772784943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stable charged nanobubbles with distinct polarities in culture media differentially affect the viability of human iPSC-derived neurons"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Ohdaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Kitakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhunam","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"41156_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.05.054","volume":"84","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., Ng, W. 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(Saitama, Japan), which developed thenanobubble production method used in this study (Japanese Patent Nos. 7637707 and 7227694; US Patent No.12329152; US Application No. 16\/770528; Chinese Patent No. ZL201880088629.2; Korean Patent Nos. 10-2667835 and 10-2657332; European Patent No. 3721886). This relationship has been disclosed to the publisherand does not affect the objectivity or neutrality of the research. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12310"}}