{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:22:51Z","timestamp":1782793371317,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study presents new evidence on the temporal and spatial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality among especially vulnerable New Yorkers. Using burial records from Hart Island\u2014the City\u2019s potter\u2019s field\u2014we study the distribution of unclaimed deaths over time and across boroughs in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels. We show that the Hart Island deaths began deviating from their historical pattern in early March 2020 and peaked five weeks later at 22 deaths for every death in the same week in 2019 (20:1 adjusted). COVID-19 excess death rates were more than twice as high in the Bronx compared to other boroughs. Citywide, we estimate that 10% of all COVID-related excess deaths during the initial outbreak (March\u2013August 2020) were unclaimed. These findings suggest the pandemic greatly magnified existing inequalities in the City and, more broadly, illustrate the especially devastating impact of COVID-19 on economically and socially vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41219-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T12:59:10Z","timestamp":1775566750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deep disadvantage in mortality on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Frank W.","family":"Heiland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Brite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Balk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"41219_CR1","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. NYC coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) data. (accessed 27 September 2022); https:\/\/github.com\/nychealth\/coronavirus-data"},{"key":"41219_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.012","volume":"51","author":"C DiMaggio","year":"2020","unstructured":"DiMaggio, C., Klein, M., Berry, C. & Frangos, S. Black\/African American communities are at highest risk of COVID-19: spatial modeling of New York City ZIP Code\u2013level testing results. Ann. Epidemiol. 51, 7\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"41219_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/00167428.2021.1951118","volume":"111","author":"S Friedman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Friedman, S. & Lee, J. W. COVID-19 mortality in New York City across neighborhoods by race, ethnicity, and nativity status. Geogr. Rev. 111 (4), 571\u2013591 (2021).","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"41219_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095066","volume":"19","author":"JA Douglas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Douglas, J. A. et al. Citizenship matters: non-citizen COVID-19 mortality disparities in New York and Los Angeles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19 (9), 5066 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"41219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHRH-05-2021-0110","volume":"15","author":"F Khayat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khayat, F., Teron, L. & Rasoulyan, F. COVID-19 and health inequality: the nexus of race, income and mortality in New York City. Int. J. Hum. Rights Healthc. 15 (4), 363\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJHRH-05-2021-0110 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Rights Healthc."},{"key":"41219_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102539","volume":"68","author":"B Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, B. et al. COVID-19 testing, case, and death rates and spatial socio-demographics in New York City: An ecological analysis as of June 2020. Health place. 68, 102539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102539 (2021).","journal-title":"Health place"},{"key":"41219_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0","volume":"97","author":"AR Maroko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maroko, A. R., Nash, D. & Pavilonis, B. T. COVID-19 and inequity: a comparative spatial analysis of New York City and Chicago hot spots. J. Urb. Health. 97, 461\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Urb. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"41219_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2020-0371","volume":"21","author":"J McLaren","year":"2021","unstructured":"McLaren, J. Racial disparity in COVID-19 deaths: Seeking economic roots with census data. BE J. Economic Anal. Policy. 21 (3), 897\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bejeap-2020-0371 (2021).","journal-title":"BE J. Economic Anal. Policy"},{"key":"41219_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11498-x","volume":"21","author":"W Lieberman-Cribbin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lieberman-Cribbin, W., Alpert, N., Flores, R. & Taioli, E. A risk index for COVID-19 severity is associated with COVID-19 mortality in New York City. BMC Public. Health. 21, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11498-x (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"41219_CR10","unstructured":"Age-Adjusted Rates of Lab-Confirmed COVID-19 Non-Hospitalized Cases, Estimated Non-Fatal Hospitalized Cases, and Total Persons Known to Have Died (Lab-Confirmed and Probable) per 100,000 by Race\/Ethnicity Group. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (accessed 27 September 2022); https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/assets\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/imm\/covid-19-deaths-race-ethnicity-05142020-1.pdf"},{"issue":"10232","key":"41219_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30893-X","volume":"395","author":"A Van Dorn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Dorn, A., Cooney, R. E. & Sabin, M. L. COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US. Lancet 395 (10232), 1243\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30893-X (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"41219_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240151","volume":"15","author":"RK Fielding-Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fielding-Miller, R. K., Sundaram, M. E. & Brouwer, K. Social determinants of COVID-19 mortality at the county level. PloS one. 15 (10), e0240151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240151 (2020).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"6","key":"41219_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002913","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002913","volume":"5","author":"S Yaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yaya, S., Yeboah, H., Charles, C. H., Otu, A. & Labonte, R. Ethnic and racial disparities in COVID-19-related deaths: counting the trees, hiding the forest. BMJ Global Health. 5 (6), e002913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002913 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"41219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aburto, J. M., Tilstra, A. M., Floridi, G. & Dowd, J. B. Significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on race\/ethnic differences in US mortality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119 (35),e2205813119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2205813119 (2022).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205813119"},{"key":"41219_CR15","unstructured":"Prickett, P. J. & Timmermans, S. The Unclaimed (Penguin Random House, 2024)."},{"issue":"9","key":"41219_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238348","volume":"15","author":"H Sohn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sohn, H., Timmermans, S. & Prickett, P. J. Loneliness in life and in death? Social and demographic patterns of unclaimed deaths. Plos One 15 (9), e0238348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238348 (2020).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"41219_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12973","volume":"61","author":"K Quinet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quinet, K., Nunn, S. & Ballew, A. Who are the unclaimed dead? J. Forensic Sci. 61, S131\u2013S139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12973 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"41219_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117551","volume":"365","author":"J Brite","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brite, J., Heiland, F. W. & Balk, D. Understanding deep disadvantage at the end of life: A nationwide analysis of unclaimed deaths. Soc. Sci. Med. 365, 117551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117551 (2025).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"41219_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-006-9056-5","volume":"29","author":"BN Uchino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uchino, B. N. Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J. Behav. Med. 29 (4), 377\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-006-9056-5 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"41219_CR20","unstructured":"Description of NYC Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Data. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (accessed 5 April 2024); https:\/\/github.com\/nychealth\/coronavirus-data\/blob\/master\/README.md"},{"issue":"6490","key":"41219_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3221","volume":"368","author":"R Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, R. et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Science 368 (6490), 489\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abb3221 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"41219_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113101","volume":"258","author":"S Vandoros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vandoros, S. Excess mortality during the Covid-19 pandemic: Early evidence from England and Wales. Soc. Sci. Med. 258, 113101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113101 (2020).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"41219_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-215505","volume":"75","author":"JM Aburto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aburto, J. M. et al. Estimating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality in England and Wales: a population-level analysis. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 75 (8), 735\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2020-215505 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"41219_CR24","first-page":"80295","volume":"10","author":"M Vollmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vollmer, M. et al. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on all-cause attendances to emergency departments in two large London hospitals: an observational study. Imperial Coll. Lond. 10, 80295 (2020). (30-05-2020.","journal-title":"Imperial Coll. Lond."},{"issue":"10","key":"41219_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3391","volume":"180","author":"DM Weinberger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weinberger, D. M. et al. Estimation of excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020. JAMA Intern. Med. 180 (10), 1336\u20131344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3391 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"41219_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) COVID-19 response team preliminary estimate of excess mortality during the COVID-19 outbreak\u2014New York City, March 11\u2013May 2, 2020. MMWR Morbidity Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69, 603\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6919e5 (2020).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6919e5"},{"issue":"1","key":"41219_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s41118-021-00139-1","volume":"77","author":"EE Lima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lima, E. E. et al. Investigating regional excess mortality during 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in selected Latin American countries. Genus 77 (1), 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41118-021-00139-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Genus"},{"key":"41219_CR28","unstructured":"CDC. Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19 technical notes. (accessed 18 August 2025); https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/covid19\/excess_deaths.htm#techNotes"},{"key":"41219_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, A. & Deaton, A. Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism (Princeton University Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691217062"},{"key":"41219_CR30","unstructured":"Paglino, E., Raquib, R. V., Wrigley-Field, E. & Stokes, A. C. Cause-specific excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Society of Actuaries; (accessed 18 August 2025); https:\/\/www.soa.org\/resources\/research-reports\/2024\/cause-specific-excess-mort-covid\/ (2024)."},{"key":"41219_CR31","unstructured":"New York City Department of Correction. Hart Island-the City\u2019s Public Cemetery. (accessed 5 April 2024); https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/site\/doc\/about\/hart-island.page"},{"key":"41219_CR32","unstructured":"The Hart Island Project. (accessed 4 February 2023); https:\/\/www.hartisland.net\/"},{"key":"41219_CR33","unstructured":"Bernstein, N. Unearthing the secrets of New York\u2019s mass graves. The New York Times. (2016). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2016\/05\/15\/nyregion\/new-york-mass-graves-hart-island.html"},{"key":"41219_CR34","unstructured":"What are the responsibilities of the public administrator? (accessed 5 April 2024); https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/kcpa\/about\/frequently-asked-questions.page#responsibilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"41219_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.34041\/ln.v25.678","volume":"25","author":"L Gross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gross, L. Viruses Do Not Discriminate? lambda nordica. 25 (2), 128\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34041\/ln.v25.678 (2020).","journal-title":"lambda nordica"},{"key":"41219_CR36","unstructured":"Memorandum of understanding between the Department of Correction, the Parks Department, and the Department of Social Services. (accessed 8 April 2024); https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/assets\/hra\/downloads\/pdf\/benefits\/DOC-Parks-DSS-Hart-Island-MOU-Fully-Executed.pdf"},{"key":"41219_CR37","unstructured":"Sisak, M. & Minchillo, J. As virus kills, NYC shortens deadline for claiming dead. https:\/\/apnews.com\/general-news-72024270f1b284e1b47415bf0c707f91. (2020)."},{"key":"41219_CR38","unstructured":"Kilgannon, C. A million bodies are buried here. Now it\u2019s becoming a park. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/10\/nyregion\/coronavirus-deaths-hart-island-burial.html (2020)."},{"key":"41219_CR39","unstructured":"Seitz, S. & Miller, S. The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide (Countryman, 2011)."},{"key":"41219_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2020.103293","volume":"127","author":"M Almagro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almagro, M., Orane-Hutchinson, A. J. U. E. & Insight The determinants of the differential exposure to COVID-19 in New York city and their evolution over time. J. Urban Econ. 127, 103293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jue.2020.103293 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"41219_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy253","volume":"188","author":"DL Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long, D. L. et al. An investigation of selection bias in estimating racial disparity in stroke risk factors: The REGARDS study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 188 (3), 587\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwy253 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"41219_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-0994-2","volume":"8","author":"S Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu, S., Brackbill, R. M., Stellman, S. D., Ghuman, S. & Farfel, M. R. Evaluation of non-response bias in a cohort study of World Trade Center terrorist attack survivors. BMC Res. Notes. 8, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-015-0994-2 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"41219_CR43","unstructured":"Heiland, F. W., Ozdogan, S., Balk, D., Brite, J. & Marcotullio, P. Extreme weather and mortality of vulnerable urban populations: An examination of temperature and unclaimed deaths in New York City. Demography. Published online forthcoming 2026. https:\/\/agingclimatehealth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ExtremeWeatherandMortalityHartIslandCACHE.pdf"},{"issue":"11","key":"41219_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294562","volume":"18","author":"P Sebo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sebo, P. How well does NamSor perform in predicting the country of origin and ethnicity of individuals based on their first and last names? Plos one. 18 (11), e0294562 (2023).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"41219_CR45","unstructured":"NamSor. (accessed 4 November 2024); https:\/\/namsor.app\/api-documentation\/"},{"issue":"7844","key":"41219_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2912-6","volume":"590","author":"D Stadlbauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stadlbauer, D. et al. Repeated cross-sectional sero-monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City. Nature 590 (7844), 146\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2912-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"41219_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35500","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35500","volume":"7","author":"RM Parks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parks, R. M., Bennett, J. E., Foreman, K. J., Toumi, R. & Ezzati, M. National and regional seasonal dynamics of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the USA from 1980 to 2016. eLife 7, e35500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.35500 (2018).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"5","key":"41219_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63971","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063971","volume":"8","author":"AJ Kalkstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kalkstein, A. J. Regional Similarities in Seasonal Mortality across the United States: An Examination of 28 Metropolitan Statistical Areas. PLOS ONE. 8 (5), e63971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0063971 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"41219_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306430","volume":"111","author":"M Lajous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lajous, M., Huerta-Guti\u00e9rrez, R., Kennedy, J., Olson, D. R. & Weinberger, D. M. Excess deaths in Mexico city and New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic, March to August 2020. Am. J. Public Health. 111 (10), 1847\u20131850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306430 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"41219_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100799","volume":"14","author":"U Basellini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basellini, U. et al. Linking excess mortality to mobility data during the first wave of COVID-19 in England and Wales. SSM-Population Health. 14, 100799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100799 (2021).","journal-title":"SSM-Population Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"41219_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009571","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009571","volume":"17","author":"S Dellicour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dellicour, S. et al. Dispersal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 lineages during the first epidemic wave in New York City. PLoS Pathog. 17 (5), e1009571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009571 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"41219_CR52","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional COVID-19 death counts by week ending date and state. Published online August 30. (accessed 5 April 2024) https:\/\/data.cdc.gov\/NCHS\/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Week-Ending-D\/r8kw-7aab\/about_data (2022)."},{"issue":"1","key":"41219_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00459-1","volume":"4","author":"GA Noppert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Noppert, G. A. et al. State variation in neighborhood COVID-19 burden across the United States. Commun. Med. 4 (1), 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00459-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"41219_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00748-2","volume":"36","author":"L B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher, L., D\u2019Orsogna, M. R. & Chou, T. Using excess deaths and testing statistics to determine COVID-19 mortalities. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 36 (5), 545\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-021-00748-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"41219_CR55","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Summary of vital statistics 2020. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (accessed 20 September 2023); https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/assets\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/vs\/2020sum.pdf"},{"key":"41219_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820002617","volume":"148","author":"R Rivera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rivera, R., Rosenbaum, J. E. & Quispe, W. Excess mortality in the United States during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiol. Infect. 148, e264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268820002617 (2020).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"41219_CR57","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Published online 2020. (accessed 15 August 2024). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirus-disease-2019-(covid-19) (2020)."},{"key":"41219_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowd, J. B. et al. Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117 (18), 9696\u20139698. (2020).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004911117"},{"key":"41219_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timmermans, S., Prickett, P. & Martinez-Aranda, M. Unclaimed and unclaimable deaths: weaponizing migrant mourning. Mortal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13576275.2024.2418971 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/13576275.2024.2418971"},{"key":"41219_CR60","unstructured":"QuickFacts New York City, New York. Census (accessed 16 October 2023); https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/newyorkcitynewyork\/PST045222"},{"issue":"10","key":"41219_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308150","volume":"115","author":"AR Riley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Riley, A. R. et al. Inequities in Excess Pandemic Mortality Among Documented and Undocumented Immigrants in California, 2020\u20132023. Am. J. Public. Health. 115 (10), 1681\u20131690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308150 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"41219_CR62","unstructured":"Foundation for Dignity. (accessed 18 August 2025); https:\/\/www.thefoundationfordignity.org\/"},{"key":"41219_CR63","unstructured":"Burials, P., Administrator, R. & County (accessed 25 August 2025); https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/rcpa\/burials\/burials.page"},{"key":"41219_CR64","unstructured":"Van Wye, G. et al. Summary of Vital Statistics 2018. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (accessed 18 August 2025); https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/assets\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/vs\/2018sum.pdf"},{"key":"41219_CR65","unstructured":"Van Wye, G. et al. Summary of Vital Statistics 2019. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (accessed 18 August 2025); https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/assets\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/vs\/2019sum.pdf"},{"key":"41219_CR66","unstructured":"The Pandemic\u2019s Impact on NYC Migration Patterns. New York City Comptroller. (accessed 9 December 2025); https:\/\/comptroller.nyc.gov\/reports\/the-pandemics-impact-on-nyc-migration-patterns\/ (2025)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41219-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41219-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41219-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:36:00Z","timestamp":1781645760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41219-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["41219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-41219-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16593"}}