{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T12:05:22Z","timestamp":1775045122881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Fund Project","award":["2021JJ70066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ70066"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Health High-level Talent Major Scientific Research Special Project","award":["R2023177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2023177"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the Health Commission of Hunan Province","award":["W20243237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W20243237"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation - Medical and Health Industry Joint Fund Research Project","award":["2024JJ9531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ9531"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province\u2019s 14th Five-Year Plan for Backbone Talents in Traditional Chinese Medicine Project","award":["2024-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The survival prognosis nomogram is needed for sinonasal malignancies with different histology types. Thus this research collected cases with sinonasal malignancies from The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. R was the tools for screening the predictors by Accelerated Failure Time model and \u201cbackward\u201d elimination. Nomogram was constructed with predictors. C-index, calibration curves and decision curve analysis were applied for the validation of the nomogram. 5795 cases were collected for constructing nomogram. \u201cAge\u201d, \u201cSex\u201d, \u201cMarriage\u201d, \u201cSite\u201d, \u201cAJCC\u201d, \u201cSurg\u201d, \u201cRadiation\u201d, and \u201cHist\u201d were retained as predictors. The C-index was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.76\u20130.79, validation set). Calibration curves were close to the diagonal line. Decision curve analysis showed nonmogram provided positive net benefits relative to the default \u201ctreat-all\u201d and \u201ctreat-none\u201d approaches. We also conducted survival analysis for seven histology types with treatment (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, primary mucosal melanoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma ). In conclusion, we constructed a nomogram to predict the survival prognosis of patients with sinonasal malignancies. It can be utilized by clinicians to predict individual survival outcomes and for patient consultation. Besides, we provided survival status for seven histology types of sinonasal malignancies with common and controversial treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41278-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T03:17:11Z","timestamp":1771989431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a clinico-histological factor-based nomogram for survival in sinonasal malignancies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chang-Ying","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang-Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"41278_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.97","volume":"11","author":"J Luis Llorente","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luis Llorente, J., Lopez, F., Suarez, C. & Hermsen, M. A. Sinonasal carcinoma: clinical, pathological, genetic and therapeutic advances. Nat. Reviews Clin. Oncol. 11, 460\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.97 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"41278_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-009-0479-5","volume":"83","author":"SI Mayr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mayr, S. I., Hafizovic, K., Waldfahrer, F., Iro, H. & Kuetting, B. Characterization of initial clinical symptoms and risk factors for sinonasal adenocarcinomas: results of a case-control study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 83, 631\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-009-0479-5 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"41278_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2016.12.019","volume":"50","author":"R Abdou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdou, R. & Baredes, S. Population-Based Results in the Management of Sinonasal and Ventral Skull Base Malignancies. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 50, 481\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2016.12.019 (2017).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am."},{"key":"41278_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01566-x","volume":"26","author":"F Jakimovska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jakimovska, F., Stojkovski, I. & Kjosevska, E. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 26, 1057\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-024-01566-x (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"41278_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-09079-w","volume":"282","author":"K Volkheimer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Volkheimer, K., Butt, Y. & Meyer, J. E. Morphological variability and its impact on survival in sinonasal malignancies: a 13-year analysis. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 282, 827\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-024-09079-w (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"41278_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102684","volume":"93","author":"L Nachtsheim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nachtsheim, L. et al. Cancer of the paranasal sinuses in Germany: Data on incidence and survival from a population-based cancer registry. Cancer Epidemiol. 93, 102684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102684 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"41278_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyac083","volume":"52","author":"H Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, H. et al. Development and validation of a nomogram for prognosis of sinonasal adenocarcinoma (a nomogram for sinonasal adenocarcinoma). Jpn J. Clin. Oncol. 52, 861\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jjco\/hyac083 (2022).","journal-title":"Jpn J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"41278_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22354","volume":"9","author":"H Quan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quan, H. et al. Development and validation of a nomogram for prognosis of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology. 9, 1030\u20131040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.22354 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology"},{"key":"41278_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.9.1079","volume":"128","author":"N Bhattacharyya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, N. Cancer of the nasal cavity - Survival and factors influencing prognosis. Archives Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg. 128, 1079\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archotol.128.9.1079 (2002).","journal-title":"Archives Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"41278_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25465","volume":"125","author":"R Dutta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dutta, R. et al. Sinonasal malignancies: A population-based analysis of site-specific incidence and survival. Laryngoscope 125, 2491\u20132497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.25465 (2015).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"41278_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smaadahl, N. et al. Treatment and related morbidity of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers. Front. Oncol. 14 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1422892 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1422892"},{"key":"41278_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghazizadeh, M., Hadavandsiri, F., Ghazizadeh, M. & Akbari, M. E. Sinonasal Cancer: A National Population-based Study in Iran. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J. 25 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32592\/ircmj.2023.25.5.2570 (2023).","DOI":"10.32592\/ircmj.2023.25.5.2570"},{"key":"41278_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27961","volume":"47","author":"LJ van de Velde","year":"2025","unstructured":"van de Velde, L. J. et al. Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Netherlands: A Population-Based Study of 568 Cases Diagnosed in 2008\u20132021. Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck. 47, 695\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.27961 (2025).","journal-title":"Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck"},{"key":"41278_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae034","volume":"74","author":"D Consonni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Consonni, D. et al. Sinonasal cancer incidence in Lombardy, Italy, 2008-20. Occup. Medicine-Oxford. 74, 304\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqae034 (2024).","journal-title":"Occup. Medicine-Oxford"},{"key":"41278_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56067","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56067","volume":"16","author":"M Baptista Freitas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baptista Freitas, M. et al. Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma: Clinicopathological Characterization and Prognostic Factors. Cureus 16, e56067\u2013e56067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.56067 (2024).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"41278_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529136","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1529136","volume":"14","author":"XY Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X. Y., Zhong, C. Y. & Xu, H. X. Retrospective analysis of 1539 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases: chemotherapy should not be excluded for non-Asian patients with T1-2N1M0 stage. Front. Oncol. 14, 1529136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1529136 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"41278_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.778","volume":"5","author":"RL Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi, R. L. et al. The impact of marital status at diagnosis on cancer survival in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer Med. 5, 2145\u20132154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.778 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"41278_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27862","volume":"47","author":"X Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Pei, Z., Song, X. & Jin, G. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: A population-based analysis. Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck. 47, 150\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.27862 (2025).","journal-title":"Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck"},{"key":"41278_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000001089","volume":"47","author":"SD Birgi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Birgi, S. D. et al. Radiotherapy Results in Locally Advanced Sinonasal Cancer. Am. J. Clin. Oncology-Cancer Clin. Trials. 47, 279\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COC.0000000000001089 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncology-Cancer Clin. Trials"},{"key":"41278_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25873","volume":"41","author":"R Xiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao, R. et al. Timing of surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy for sinonasal malignancies: Effect of surgical approach. Head neck. 41, 3551\u20133563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.25873 (2019).","journal-title":"Head neck"},{"key":"41278_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21752","volume":"73","author":"R Thawani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thawani, R. et al. The contemporary management of cancers of the sinonasal tract in adults. CA-A Cancer J. Clin. 73, 72\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21752 (2023).","journal-title":"CA-A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"41278_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22229","volume":"9","author":"T Khoury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khoury, T. et al. Role of induction chemotherapy in sinonasal malignancies: a systematic review. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 9, 212\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.22229 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"41278_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23380","volume":"14","author":"A Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang, A. et al. The role of induction chemotherapy for orbital invasion in sinonasal malignancies: A systematic review. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 14, 1226\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.23380 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"41278_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive local treatment in locally advanced sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Front. Oncol. 14 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1488066 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1488066"},{"key":"41278_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27357","volume":"45","author":"SC Nyirjesy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nyirjesy, S. C. et al. Response to induction chemotherapy in sinonasal malignancies: A single-institutional experience. Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck. 45, 1445\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.27357 (2023).","journal-title":"Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck"},{"key":"41278_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30686","volume":"123","author":"TP Robin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robin, T. P. et al. A comprehensive comparative analysis of treatment modalities for sinonasal malignancies. Cancer 123, 3040\u20133049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.30686 (2017).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"41278_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2023.05.002","volume":"51","author":"T Tsuji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsuji, T. et al. A multi-institutional retrospective study of 340 cases of sinonasal malignant tumor. Auris Nasus Larynx. 51, 86\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anl.2023.05.002 (2024).","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"41278_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23262","volume":"14","author":"EC Kuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuan, E. C. et al. International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Sinonasal Tumors. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology. 14, 149\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.23262 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology"},{"key":"41278_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.7.JNS23786","volume":"140","author":"S Schur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schur, S. et al. Long-term oncological outcomes for endoscopic endonasal versus open surgical approaches for anatomically matched, locally advanced stage T4 sinonasal malignancies with skull base involvement. J. Neurosurg. 140, 688\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.7.JNS23786 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"41278_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23171","volume":"13","author":"SL Maoz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maoz, S. L. et al. Long-term quality of life after treatment in sinonasal malignancy: A prospective, multicenter study. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology. 13, 2030\u20132042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.23171 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology"},{"key":"41278_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.05.010","volume":"171","author":"M Ferrari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferrari, M. et al. The MUSES*: a prognostic study on 1360 patients with sinonasal cancer undergoing endoscopic surgery-based treatment * MUlti-institutional collaborative Study on Endoscopically treated Sinonasal cancers. Eur. J. Cancer. 171, 161\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.05.010 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"41278_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.5301\/tj.5000431","volume":"102","author":"SH Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park, S. H., Lee, J. E. & Ahn, D. Outcome of definitive and postoperative radiotherapy in patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas. TUMORI J. 102, 426\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/tj.5000431 (2016).","journal-title":"TUMORI J."},{"key":"41278_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Birgi, S. D., Teo, M., Dyker, K. E., Sen, M. & Prestwich, R. J. D. Definitive and adjuvant radiotherapy for sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas: a single institutional experience. Radiat. Oncol. 10 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-015-0496-3 (2015).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-015-0496-3"},{"key":"41278_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21770","volume":"34","author":"VJ Lund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lund, V. J. et al. Evidence for treatment strategies in sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck. 34, 1168\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.21770 (2012).","journal-title":"Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck"},{"key":"41278_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08447-w","volume":"281","author":"T Vermassen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vermassen, T. et al. Choice of surgery in intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the sinonasal tract: a long-term comparative study. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 281, 2993\u20133004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-024-08447-w (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"41278_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24085","volume":"123","author":"S Sanghvi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanghvi, S. et al. Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma: Comprehensive Analysis of Incidence and Survival From 1973 to 2009. LARYNGOSCOPE 123, 1592\u20131597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.24085 (2013).","journal-title":"LARYNGOSCOPE"},{"key":"41278_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23096","volume":"110","author":"AD Lupinetti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lupinetti, A. D. et al. Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma - The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Cancer 110, 2726\u20132731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.23096 (2007).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"41278_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.527","volume":"169","author":"Q Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Failure Patterns Within Different Histological Types in Sinonasal Malignancies: Making the Complex Simple. Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg. 169, 1513\u20131522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.527 (2023).","journal-title":"Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"41278_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000216900.03188.48","volume":"116","author":"CS Rhee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rhee, C. S. et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the sinonasal tract: Treatment results. Laryngoscope 116, 982\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mlg.0000216900.03188.48 (2006).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"41278_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215106000594","volume":"120","author":"E Babin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Babin, E. et al. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. J. Laryngol. Otol. 120, 289\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022215106000594 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"41278_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102851","volume":"42","author":"K Issa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Issa, K. et al. Survival outcomes in sinonasal carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation: A NCDB analysis. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 42, 102851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102851 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"41278_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03537-1","volume":"150","author":"GU Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta, G. U., Raza, S. M., Su, S. Y., Hanna, E. Y. & DeMonte, F. Management of olfactory neuroblastoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma involving the skullbase. J. Neurooncol. 150, 367\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-020-03537-1 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"41278_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.10.008","volume":"75","author":"GB Morand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morand, G. B. et al. Outcome by treatment modality in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC): A case-series, systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 75, 28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.10.008 (2017).","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"41278_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24834","volume":"39","author":"ME Gamez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gamez, M. E. et al. Outcomes and patterns of failure for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC): The Mayo Clinic Experience. Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck. 39, 1819\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.24834 (2017).","journal-title":"Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck"},{"key":"41278_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27910","volume":"46","author":"M Burggraf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burggraf, M. et al. Contemporary treatment and outcome of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck. 46, 2890\u20132900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.27910 (2024).","journal-title":"Head Neck-Journal Sci. Specialties Head Neck"},{"key":"41278_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdelmeguid, A. S., Bell, D. & Hanna, E. Y. Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 21 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-019-0776-4 (2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-019-0776-4"},{"key":"41278_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-024-01240-3","volume":"28","author":"G Sideris","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sideris, G. et al. Neuroendocrine and undifferentiated sinonasal and skull base tumors: An up-to-date narrative review. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery-Heidelberg. 28, 1009\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10006-024-01240-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofacial Surgery-Heidelberg"},{"key":"41278_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.2.134","volume":"132","author":"AH Loy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loy, A. H. et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma - Continued follow-up of a single institution\u2019s experience. Archives Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg. 132, 134\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archotol.132.2.134 (2006).","journal-title":"Archives Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"41278_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21324","volume":"4","author":"BA Tajudeen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tajudeen, B. A. et al. Sinonasal mucosal melanoma: 20-year experience at a tertiary referral center. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology. 4, 592\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.21324 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41278-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41278-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41278-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1775041425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41278-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["41278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-41278-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11071"}}