{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:42:08Z","timestamp":1787312528425,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018703","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101046748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101046748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-07-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-07-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Steady state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are a popular type of control signals in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), in which they are typically elicited by observing a visual stimulus flashing at a specific frequency. For some patients, using SSVEP as control signal for a BCI can be difficult, for instance if they are unable to focus their gaze over the visual stimuli. To address this issue, some approaches were presented to design a gaze-independent SSVEP-controlled BCI but some difficulties have been reported, for instance for patients suffering from locked-in syndrome. In this work we employ a visual imagery (VI) signal, in which the visual stimulus is imagined instead of observed, to drive a BCI system and offer an alternative for patients that encounter issues with standard SSVEP approaches. We tested the proposed approach with 20 untrained subjects within a 3-classes BCI resulting in an offline classification accuracy of 60.93%. These results demonstrate how this gaze-independent BCI can be used by inexperienced BCI users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41324-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:36:04Z","timestamp":1772613364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A visual imagery paradigm for BCI strategies using imagined flickering patterns"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Priori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Consoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Micheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Merlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco P.","family":"Andriulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"41324_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201211","volume":"12","author":"LF Nicolas-Alonso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nicolas-Alonso, L. F. & Gomez-Gil, J. Brain computer interfaces, a review. Sensors 12(2), 1211\u20131279 (2012).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"41324_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010043","volume":"11","author":"A Kawala-Sterniuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kawala-Sterniuk, A. et al. Summary of over fifty years with brain-computer interfaces\u2014A review. Brain Sci. 11(1), 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11010043 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"41324_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00686-2","volume":"17","author":"Z Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai, Z., Fong, K. N. K., Zhang, J. J., Chan, J. & Ting, K. H. Immediate and long-term effects of BCI-based rehabilitation of the upper extremity after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 17(1), 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-020-00686-2 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"41324_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.007","volume":"96","author":"JJ Daly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daly, J. J. & Huggins, J. E. Brain-computer interface: Current and emerging rehabilitation applications. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 96, S1-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.007 (2015).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"41324_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00014","volume":"12","author":"I Lazarou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lazarou, I., Nikolopoulos, S., Petrantonakis, P. C., Kompatsiaris, I. & Tsolaki, M. EEG-based brain-computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation of people with motor impairment: A novel approach of the 21st century. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 12, 14 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"41324_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2024.04.011","volume":"5","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. Signal acquisition of brain-computer interfaces: A medical-engineering crossover perspective review. Fundam. Res. 5(1), 3\u201316 (2024).","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"41324_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093331","volume":"22","author":"K V\u00e4rbu","year":"2022","unstructured":"V\u00e4rbu, K., Muhammad, N. & Muhammad, Y. Past, present, and future of EEG-based BCI applications. Sensors (Basel) 22(9), 3331 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"41324_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00169","volume":"6","author":"C Guger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guger, C. et al. How many people could use an SSVEP BCI?. Front. Neurosci. 6, 169 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"41324_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.01.004","volume":"30","author":"Z Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Lai, Y., Xia, Y., Wu, D. & Yao, D. Stimulator selection in SSVEP-based BCI. Med. Eng. Phys. 30(8), 1079\u20131088 (2008).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"41324_CR10","volume":"1","author":"D Zhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhu, D., Bieger, J., Garcia Molina, G. & Aarts, R. M. A survey of stimulation methods used in SSVEP-based BCIs. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 1, 702357 (2010).","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"41324_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03023-7","volume":"11","author":"M Gu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gu, M. et al. An open dataset for human SSVEPs in the frequency range of 1\u201360Hz. Sci. Data 11, 196 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"41324_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.106826","volume":"35","author":"G Acampora","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acampora, G., Trinchese, P. & Vitiello, A. A dataset of EEG signals from a single-channel SSVEP-based brain computer interface. Data Brief 35, 106826 (2021).","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"issue":"10","key":"41324_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2627556","volume":"25","author":"Yijun Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Yijun, Chen, Xiaogang, Gao, Xiaorong & Gao, Shangkai. A benchmark dataset for SSVEP-based brain-computer interfaces. Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 25(10), 1746\u20131752 (2016).","journal-title":"Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"44","key":"41324_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6058","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508080112","volume":"112","author":"X Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. High-speed spelling with a non invasive brain-computer interface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112(44), E6058\u2013E6067 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"41324_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/2326263X.2018.1504662","volume":"5","author":"B Peters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peters, B. et al. Effects of simulated visual acuity and ocular motility impairments on SSVEP brain-computer interface performance: An experiment with Shuffle Speller. Brain Comput. Interfaces (Abingdon, Engl.) 5(2\u20133), 58\u201372 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Comput. Interfaces (Abingdon, Engl.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"41324_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/3\/035002","volume":"11","author":"D Lesenfants","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lesenfants, D. et al. An independent SSVEP-based brain-computer interface in locked-in syndrome. J. Neural. Eng. 11(3), 035002 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neural. Eng."},{"key":"41324_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2008.04122.x","volume":"1157","author":"A K\u00fcbler","year":"2009","unstructured":"K\u00fcbler, A. et al. A brain-computer interface controlled auditory event-related potential (p300) spelling system for locked-in patients. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1157, 90\u2013100 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"41324_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073691","volume":"8","author":"A Combaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Combaz, A. et al. A comparison of two spelling brain-computer interfaces based on visual P3 and SSVEP in locked-in syndrome. PLoS One 8(9), e73691 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"41324_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2017.06.004","author":"Y Okahara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okahara, Y. et al. Operation of a P300-based brain-computer interface by patients with spinocerebellar ataxia. Clin. Neurophysiol. Practice https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnp.2017.06.004 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"41324_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01272-y","volume":"20","author":"E Canny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Canny, E., Vansteensel, M. J., van der Salm, S. M. A., M\u00fcller-Putz, G. R. & Berezutskaya, J. Boosting brain-computer interfaces with functional electrical stimulation: Potential applications in people with locked-in syndrome. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 20(1), 157 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"issue":"10","key":"41324_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.003","volume":"19","author":"J Pearson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A. & Kosslyn, S. M. Mental imagery: Functional mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19(10), 590\u2013602 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"41324_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2025.3548943","volume":"55","author":"L Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, L. et al. Visual imagery-based brain-computer interaction paradigms and neural encoding and decoding. IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst. 55, 358\u2013371 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"41324_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3410870","volume":"32","author":"J Kilmarx","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kilmarx, J., Tashev, I., Millan, J. D. R., Sulzer, J. & Lewis-Peacock, J. Evaluating the feasibility of visual imagery for an EEG-based brain-computer interface. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 32, 2209\u20132219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3410870 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"41324_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-024-10087-z","volume":"18","author":"H Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan, H. et al. The design and implementation of multi-character classification scheme based on EEG signals of visual imagery. Cogn. Neurodyn. 18, 2299\u20132309 (2024).","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn."},{"issue":"1","key":"41324_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31472-9","volume":"8","author":"N Kosmyna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kosmyna, N., Lindgren, J. T. & L\u00e9cuyer, A. Attending to visual stimuli versus performing visual imagery as a control strategy for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 13222 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"41324_CR26","first-page":"1038901","volume":"2022","author":"Y Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu, Y. et al. Identification of visual imagery by electroencephalography based on empirical mode decomposition and an autoregressive model. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2022, 1038901 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"41324_CR27","first-page":"7","volume":"61","author":"H Azmy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azmy, H. & Safri, N. M. EEG based BCI using visual imagery task for robot control. J. Teknol. (Sci. Eng.) 61, 7\u201311 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Teknol. (Sci. Eng.)"},{"key":"41324_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1068\/p3360","volume":"31","author":"D Kaski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kaski, D. Revision: Is visual perception a requisite for visual imagery?. Perception 31, 717\u2013731 (2002).","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"5","key":"41324_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.004","volume":"23","author":"N Dijkstra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dijkstra, N., Bosch, S. E. & van Gerven, M. A. J. Shared neural mechanisms of visual perception and imagery. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23(5), 423\u2013434 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"41324_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613503556","volume":"25","author":"B Laeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laeng, B. & Sulutvedt, U. The eye pupil adjusts to imaginary light. Psychol. Sci. 25(1), 188\u201397 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"41324_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617702699","volume":"28","author":"S Math\u00f4t","year":"2017","unstructured":"Math\u00f4t, S., Grainger, J. & Strijkers, K. Pupillary responses to words that convey a sense of brightness or darkness. Psychol. Sci. 28(8), 1116\u20131124 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"41324_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72484","volume":"11","author":"L Kay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kay, L., Keogh, R., Andrillon, T. & Pearson, J. The pupillary light response as a physiological index of Aphantasia, sensory and phenomenological imagery strength. Elife 11, e72484 (2022).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"41324_CR33","unstructured":"Micheli, A. et al. 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) 222\u2013225 (Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, 2022)."},{"key":"41324_CR34","first-page":"599","volume":"3","author":"Ronald A Finke","year":"1977","unstructured":"Finke, Ronald A. & Schmidt, Marty J. Orientation-specific color aftereffects following imagination. J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform. 3, 599\u2013606 (1977).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"issue":"6","key":"41324_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199528","volume":"23","author":"RA Finke","year":"1978","unstructured":"Finke, R. A. & Schmidt, M. J. The quantitative measure of pattern representation in images using orientation-specific color aftereffects. Percept. Psychophys. 23(6), 515\u201320 (1978).","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"41324_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198825","volume":"28","author":"S Kunen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kunen, S. & May, J. G. Spatial frequency content of visual imagery. Percept. Psychophys. 28, 555\u2013559 (1980).","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"41324_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169557","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3493134","volume":"12","author":"T Saichoo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saichoo, T., Siribunyaphat, N., Thu Aung, S. & Punsawad, Y. EEG-based brain-computer interface using visual flicker imagination for assistive communication system. IEEE Access 12, 169557\u2013169566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3493134 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"41324_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90072-8","volume":"25","author":"G Goldenberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Goldenberg, G., Podreka, I., Steiner, M. & Willmes, K. Patterns of regional cerebral blood flow related to memorizing of high and low imagery words-an emission computer tomography study. Neuropsychologia 25(3), 473\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90072-8 (1987).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"41324_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90060-y","volume":"30","author":"G Goldenberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goldenberg, G., Steiner, M., Podreka, I. & Deecke, L. Regional cerebral blood flow patterns related to verification of low- and high-imagery sentences. Neuropsychologia 30(6), 581\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90060-y (1992).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"41324_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1989.1.4.302","volume":"1","author":"MJ Farah","year":"1989","unstructured":"Farah, M. J., Weisberg, L. L., Monheit, M. & Peronnet, F. Brain activity underlying mental imagery: Event-related potentials during mental image generation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1(4), 302\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.1989.1.4.302 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"41324_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90059-u","volume":"30","author":"V Charlot","year":"1992","unstructured":"Charlot, V., Tzourio, N., Zilbovicius, M., Mazoyer, B. & Denis, M. Different mental imagery abilities result in different regional cerebral blood flow activation patterns during cognitive tasks. Neuropsychologia 30(6), 565\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90059-u (1992).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"41324_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2496184","volume":"24","author":"H-T Hsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsu, H.-T. et al. Evaluate the feasibility of using frontal SSVEP to implement an SSVEP-based BCI in young, elderly and ALS groups. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24(5), 603\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2496184 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"41324_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.05.007","author":"JM Antelis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Antelis, J. M., Rivera, C. A., Galvis, E. & Ruiz-Olaya, A. F. Detection of SSVEP based on empirical mode decomposition and power spectrum peaks analysis. Biocybern. Biomed. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.05.007 (2020).","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"41324_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.30880\/ijie.2020.12.06.019","volume":"12","author":"M Rashid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rashid, M., Sulaiman, N., Mustafa, M., Bari, B. & Jahid, H. M. Five-class SSVEP response detection using common- spatial pattern (CSP)-SVM approach. Int. J. Integr. Eng. 12, 165\u2013173 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Eng."},{"key":"41324_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109502","volume":"371","author":"Pengfei Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, Pengfei et al. A classification algorithm of an SSVEP brain-computer interface based on CCA fusion wavelet coefficients. J. Neurosci. Methods 371, 109502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109502 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"41324_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83795-9","author":"T Tsoneva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsoneva, T., Garcia-Molina, G. & Desain, P. SSVEP phase synchronies and propagation during repetitive visual stimulation at high frequencies. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-83795-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"41324_CR47","first-page":"52","volume":"10","author":"G M\u00fcller-Putz","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Putz, G., Scherer, R., Brunner, C., Leeb, R. & Pfurtscheller, G. Better than random? A closer look on BCI results. Int. J. Bioelektromagnetism 10, 52\u201355 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioelektromagnetism"},{"key":"41324_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S91102","volume":"9","author":"P Geethanjali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geethanjali, P. Myoelectric control of prosthetic hands: State-of-the-art review. Med. Dev (Auckl. N.Z.) 9, 247\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/MDER.S91102 (2016).","journal-title":"Med. Dev (Auckl. N.Z.)"},{"key":"41324_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Wen, S., Han, J., Yang, M., Yin, E., Xu, M., Ming, D. A BCI speller with 120 commands encoded by hybrid P300 and SSVEP features. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-8222-4_19 (2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-8222-4_19"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-67580-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41324-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41324-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41324-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:46:53Z","timestamp":1787302013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41324-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["41324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-41324-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-67580-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-67580-0","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the \u201cComitato Etico per la Ricerca del Politecnico di Torino (CER-Polito)\u201d with protocol number 70562\/2024. All the participants were fully informed and provided with documentation on the experiment before giving written informed consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the participants provided written informed consent to publish the anonymized data collected in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"11967"}}