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To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance, we developed the Antibiotic Resistance Growth Plate (ARGP), an experimental evolution tool that imposes a spatiotemporal antibiotic gradient. Using the ARGP,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    MG1655 populations developed resistance to gentamicin up to 10x MIC within two days. Whole-genome sequencing of wildtype and resistant strains revealed mutations in 16\u00a0S rRNA genes and the\n                    <jats:italic>fusA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Bioinformatic, phylogenetic, and molecular docking analyses were used to demonstrate the mechanical significance of the\n                    <jats:italic>fusA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene in the molecular pathways of gentamicin resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    MG1655, where mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>fusA<\/jats:italic>\n                    alter EF-G function, disrupting gentamicin\u2019s inhibition of ribosomal translocation. These results highlight the rapidity and specificity of adaptive responses to aminoglycosides and establish the ARGP as a versatile tool for studying the molecular pathways driving antibiotic resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41386-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:47:00Z","timestamp":1772610420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring molecular mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance in Escherichia coli MG1655 using the antibiotic resistance growth plate"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"L.B.L.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.J.L.","family":"Eldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.P.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Forster-Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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