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However, traditional tasks lacking eye-tracking data often obscure these mechanisms. This study investigates low-level attentional shifting in ADHD using a simplified gaze-cueing task and explores classification markers via eye movement. Eye-tracking data were analyzed from 27 typically developing children and 19 children diagnosed with ADHD. We constructed a logistic regression model for classification purposes. Eye movement data alone yielded an accuracy of 0.84, comparable to the accuracy achieved using combined eye-tracking and behavioral data (0.87), underscoring the sensitivity of gaze-based features. Children with ADHD exhibited significantly prolonged inter-saccadic fixations in non-target regions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .02, d\u2009=\u20090.80) and marginally reduced saccade frequency (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .06, d = \u2212\u20090.52) during target detection, indicating delayed attentional shifting and diminished goal-directed attention. Prolonged fixation during target detection behavior emerged as the strongest predictor, correlating with both inattention and hyperactivity (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .46;\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .36; both\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .01). Additionally, children with ADHD demonstrated lower response to joint attention and a greater reliance on peripheral vision. These findings highlight distinct gaze patterns under low cognitive load, revealing subtle mechanisms of executive dysfunction and potential early classification markers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41419-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:53:24Z","timestamp":1772110404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring early-stage orienting behavior using an eye tracker for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder classification"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Seonmi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inji","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehyun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoju","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mee-Kyoung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Zanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunhae","family":"Sul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dooyoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"41419_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.020","volume":"57","author":"J Biederman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biederman, J. 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The Funding section now reads: \u201cThis work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2020M3E5D9080787). This research was supported by grants from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (Grant Numbers: HI22C0646 and HI19C1095). This study was also supported by the U-K (UNIST-Korea) research brand program (1.230016.01) funded by UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology).\u201d","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"\u00a0Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Central Research Facilities Research Ethics Board of the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNISTIRB-20-62-A).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional review board\u00a0","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"8671"}}