{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:30:58Z","timestamp":1793233858605,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Neurological symptoms are common in post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) and have been linked to underlying brain alterations. However, in individuals with PCC following a mild infection without hospitalization, such alterations are rarely detected using conventional neuroimaging techniques. This study aims to investigate brain connectivity in patients with PCC with cognitive symptoms after mild COVID-19 infection, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Additional aims were to explore associations between brain connectivity, neuropsychological performance, and self-reported fatigue and emotional status. Patients with PCC (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922) and lasting cognitive symptoms and fatigue were consecutively recruited from a regional rehabilitation unit and compared with a convenience sample of non-symptomatic controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919). The assessments were conducted on average 32 months post-infection and included 3 Tesla rs-fMRI, neuropsychological testing, and self-report measures of fatigue (MFI-20), anxiety, and depression (HADS). Patients with PCC had elevated functional connectivity in brain regions associated with the default mode network (DMN) compared to controls. No significant correlations were found between functional connectivity, neuropsychological test performance, fatigue, anxiety, or depression. Our findings suggest persistent alterations in DMN connectivity in PCC with cognitive symptoms and fatigue, underscoring the need for continued larger studies on brain functioning in this patient group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:bold>\n                    : No. NCT06042530.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41665-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T09:52:25Z","timestamp":1772531545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Brain connectivity and its relation to cognitive function in patients with post-COVID 19 condition after mild infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stina","family":"Hedstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Stenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Miri","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Granberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gyllenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadrien","family":"Van Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika C.","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Love Engstr\u00f6m","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"41665_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard, https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases?n=c (accessed 15 Jan 2025)."},{"key":"41665_CR2","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Self-reported coronavirus (COVID-19) infections and associated symptoms, England and Scotland: November 2023 to March 2024., https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/articles\/selfreportedcoronaviruscovid19infectionsandassociatedsymptomsenglandandscotland\/november2023tomarch2024 (accessed 25 Mar 2025)."},{"key":"41665_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","volume":"226","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Global prevalence of Post-Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A meta-analysis and systematic review. J. Infect. Dis. 226, 1593\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"41665_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acae042","author":"E Panagea","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panagea, E. et al. Neurocognitive Impairment in Long COVID: A Systematic Review. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acae042 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"41665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm00239","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v53.188","volume":"53","author":"JR Norrefalk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Norrefalk, J. R., Borg, K. & Bileviciute-Ljungar, I. Self-scored impairments in functioning and disability in post-COVID syndrome following mild COVID-19 infection. J. Rehabil Med. 53, jrm00239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/jrm.v53.188 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Rehabil Med."},{"key":"41665_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)01136-x","volume":"404","author":"T Greenhalgh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Greenhalgh, T., Sivan, M., Perlowski, A. & Nikolich, J. Long COVID: a clinical update. Lancet 404, 707\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)01136-x (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"41665_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.006","volume":"110","author":"M Monje","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monje, M. & Iwasaki, A. The neurobiology of long COVID. Neuron 110, 3484\u20133496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.006 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"41665_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac384","volume":"146","author":"M D\u00edez-Cirarda","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00edez-Cirarda, M. et al. Multimodal neuroimaging in post-COVID syndrome and correlation with cognition. Brain 146, 2142\u20132152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac384 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"41665_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101874","volume":"58","author":"J Heine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heine, J. et al. Structural brain changes in patients with post-COVID fatigue: a prospective observational study. EClinicalMedicine 58, 101874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101874 (2023).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"41665_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae101","volume":"147","author":"D Serrano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Serrano, D. et al. Brain and cognitive changes in patients with long COVID compared with infection-recovered control subjects. Brain 147, 3611\u20133623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awae101 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"41665_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf070","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf070","volume":"7","author":"L Pacheco-Jaime","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pacheco-Jaime, L. et al. Structural brain changes in post-COVID condition and its relationship with cognitive impairment. Brain Commun. 7, fcaf070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf070 (2025).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"41665_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07427-6","volume":"45","author":"S Mohammadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammadi, S. & Ghaderi, S. Post-COVID-19 conditions: a systematic review on advanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging findings. Neurol. Sci. 45, 1815\u20131833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-024-07427-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"41665_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435218","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1435218","volume":"18","author":"S Fineschi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fineschi, S., Fahlstr\u00f6m, M., F\u00e4llmar, D., Haller, S. & Wikstr\u00f6m, J. Comprehensive MRI assessment reveals subtle brain findings in non-hospitalized post-COVID patients with cognitive impairment. Front. Neurosci. 18, 1435218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1435218 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"41665_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03509-8","volume":"23","author":"N Ekdahl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ekdahl, N. et al. Investigating cognitive reserve, symptom resolution and brain connectivity in mild traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol. 23, 450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-023-03509-8 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"41665_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holmqvist, A., Berginstr\u00f6m, N., L\u00f6fgren, M., St\u00e5lnacke, B. M. & M\u00f6ller, M. C. Fatigue and cognitive fatigability in patients with chronic pain. Scand. J. Pain. 24 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/sjpain-2023-0085 (2024).","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2023-0085"},{"key":"41665_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Chung, T. W., Wong, F. K., Hung, I. F. & Mak, H. K. Changes in the Intranetwork and Internetwork Connectivity of the Default Mode Network and Olfactory Network in Patients with COVID-19 and Olfactory Dysfunction. Brain Sci. 12 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12040511 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040511"},{"key":"41665_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101086","volume":"47","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Brain abnormalities in survivors of COVID-19 after 2-year recovery: a functional MRI study. Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac. 47, 101086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101086 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"41665_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136408","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1136408","volume":"14","author":"NW Churchill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Churchill, N. W. et al. Effects of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome on the functional brain networks of non-hospitalized individuals. Front. Neurol. 14, 1136408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1136408 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"41665_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182607","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1182607","volume":"17","author":"L Barnden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barnden, L., Thapaliya, K., Eaton-Fitch, N., Barth, M. & Marshall-Gradisnik, S. Altered brain connectivity in Long Covid during cognitive exertion: a pilot study. Front. Neurosci. 17, 1182607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1182607 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"41665_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00739-3","volume":"15","author":"L Carreras-Vidal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carreras-Vidal, L. et al. Functional brain abnormalities in post COVID-19 condition and their relationship with cognition. Sci. Rep. 15, 22259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-00739-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"41665_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03164-w","volume":"18","author":"F Di Gennaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Gennaro, F. et al. Incidence of long COVID-19 in people with previous SARS-Cov2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 120,970 patients. Intern. Emerg. Med. 18, 1573\u20131581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-022-03164-w (2023).","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"41665_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762","volume":"55","author":"LL O\u2019Mahoney","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Mahoney, L. L. et al. The prevalence and long-term health effects of long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 55, 101762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762 (2023).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"41665_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11929-8","volume":"12","author":"K Nanwani-Nanwani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nanwani-Nanwani, K. et al. Prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. Sci. Rep. 12, 7977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11929-8 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"41665_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54554-3","volume":"14","author":"J Bungenberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bungenberg, J. et al. Characteristic functional connectome related to Post-COVID-19 syndrome. Sci. Rep. 14, 4997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-54554-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"41665_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576393","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1576393","volume":"19","author":"D Madden","year":"2025","unstructured":"Madden, D. et al. Functional connectivity of default mode network in non-hospitalized patients with post-COVID cognitive complaints. Front. Neurosci. 19, 1576393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1576393 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"41665_CR26","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, Oct (2024). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1 (accessed 24)."},{"key":"41665_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00125-o","volume":"39","author":"EM Smets","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smets, E. M., Garssen, B., Bonke, B. & De Haes, J. C. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. J. Psychosom. Res. 39, 315\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00125-o (1995).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"41665_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 67, 361\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x (1983).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"41665_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bushke, H. Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 543\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/SS0022-5371(73)80034-9 (1973). https:\/\/doi.org:.","DOI":"10.1016\/SS0022-5371(73)80034-9"},{"key":"41665_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) (Pearson Assessment, 2008).","DOI":"10.1037\/t15169-000"},{"key":"41665_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E. & Kramer, J. H. Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D\u2013KEFS). (2001).","DOI":"10.1037\/t15082-000"},{"key":"41665_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1986.62.2.407","volume":"62","author":"RM Ruff","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ruff, R. M., Evans, R. W. & Light, R. H. Automatic Detection vs Controlled Search: A Paper-and-Pencil Approach. Percept. Mot. Skills. 62, 407\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1986.62.2.407 (1986).","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"41665_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(02)91132-8","volume":"17","author":"M Jenkinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M. & Smith, S. Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage 17, 825\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1053-8119(02)91132-8 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"41665_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","volume":"17","author":"SM Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith, S. M. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum. Brain Mapp. 17, 143\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.10062 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"41665_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.10.043","volume":"25","author":"CF Beckmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beckmann, C. F. & Smith, S. M. Tensorial extensions of independent component analysis for multisubject FMRI analysis. Neuroimage 25, 294\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.10.043 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"41665_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2003.09.012","volume":"13","author":"MJ McKeown","year":"2003","unstructured":"McKeown, M. J., Hansen, L. K. & Sejnowsk, T. J. Independent component analysis of functional MRI: what is signal and what is noise? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 620\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2003.09.012 (2003).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"41665_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00115","volume":"11","author":"LD Nickerson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nickerson, L. D., Smith, S. M., Ongur, D. & Beckmann, C. F. Using Dual Regression to Investigate Network Shape and Amplitude in Functional Connectivity Analyses. Front. Neurosci. 11, 115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00115 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"41665_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060","volume":"92","author":"AM Winkler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Winkler, A. M., Ridgway, G. R., Webster, M. A., Smith, S. M. & Nichols, T. E. Permutation inference for the general linear model. Neuroimage 92, 381\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"41665_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.32598\/bcn.2021.1425.4","volume":"14","author":"M Niroumand Sarvandani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niroumand Sarvandani, M. et al. COVID-19 and the Brain: A Psychological and Resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagin (fMRI) Study of the Whole-brain Functional Connectivity. Basic. Clin. Neurosci. 14, 753\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32598\/bcn.2021.1425.4 (2023).","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"41665_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52005-7","volume":"14","author":"L Scardua-Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scardua-Silva, L. et al. Microstructural brain abnormalities, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction after mild COVID-19. Sci. Rep. 14, 1758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-52005-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"41665_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Llana, T. et al. Anosmia in COVID-19 could be associated with long-term deficits in the consolidation of procedural and verbal declarative memories. Front. Neurosci. 16 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.1082811 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1082811"},{"key":"41665_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Becker, J. H. et al. Neurocognitive trajectories in long COVID: Evidence from longitudinal analyses. Brain Behav. Immun. Health. 48 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101093 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101093"},{"key":"41665_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2023.2213826","volume":"107","author":"J Johansson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johansson, J., M\u00f6ller, M., Markovic, G. & Borg, K. Vision impairment is common in non-hospitalised patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. Clin. Exp. Optom. 107, 324\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08164622.2023.2213826 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"41665_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210375","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210375","volume":"14","author":"EA H\u00f8gest\u00f8l","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00f8gest\u00f8l, E. A. et al. Symptoms of fatigue and depression is reflected in altered default mode network connectivity in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 14, e0210375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210375 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"41665_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azarias, F. R., Almeida, G., de Melo, L. F., Rici, R. E. G. & Maria, D. A. The Journey of the Default Mode Network: Development, Function, and Impact on Mental Health. Biology (Basel). 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14040395 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040395"},{"key":"41665_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10289-7","volume":"12","author":"S Weber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weber, S., Aleman, A. & Hugdahl, K. Involvement of the default mode network under varying levels of cognitive effort. Sci. Rep. 12, 6303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-10289-7 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"41665_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218358","volume":"14","author":"K Hugdahl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hugdahl, K. et al. Dynamic up- and down-regulation of the default (DMN) and extrinsic (EMN) mode networks during alternating task-on and task-off periods. PLoS One. 14, e0218358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218358 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"41665_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9375-7","volume":"10","author":"JF Coutinho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coutinho, J. F. et al. Default mode network dissociation in depressive and anxiety states. Brain Imaging Behav. 10, 147\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-015-9375-7 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"41665_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.07.014","volume":"19","author":"CK Ormiston","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ormiston, C. K., \u015awi\u0105tkiewicz, I. & Taub, P. R. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome as a sequela of COVID-19. Heart Rhythm. 19, 1880\u20131889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.07.014 (2022).","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"41665_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf315","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf315","volume":"7","author":"A Schumann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schumann, A. et al. Mapping the brain\u2019s fatigue network: a transdiagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis on functional correlates of mental fatigue. Brain Commun. 7, fcaf315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf315 (2025).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"41665_CR51","unstructured":"Lezak, M. D. Neuropsychological Assessment 5th edn (Oxford University Press, 2012)."},{"key":"41665_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2455430","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.55430","volume":"8","author":"DP Shah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shah, D. P. et al. Sex Differences in Long COVID. JAMA Netw. Open. 8, e2455430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.55430 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41665-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41665-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41665-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:12:24Z","timestamp":1781637144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41665-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["41665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-41665-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The Swedish Ethical Review Authority approved the study (Ref. no. 2021\u201303907, 2022-01215-02).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval statement"}},{"value":"Oral and written information was given about the study and all participants gave written informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Participant consent statement"}},{"value":"The contribution is all the author\u2019s original work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Permission to reproduce material from other sources"}}],"article-number":"8152"}}