{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:57:20Z","timestamp":1787003840133,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41799-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:48:18Z","timestamp":1776782898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergistic dietary supplements of Lactobacillus brevis and trans-cinnamic acid improved growth, immune response, and disease resistance in common carp"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Alinia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Bahram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Rohollah","family":"Javadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Behrekazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Keshavarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Abdel-Tawwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"41799_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammadian, T., Monjezi, N., Peyghan, R. & Mohammadian, B. Effects of dietary probiotic supplements on growth, digestive enzymes activity, intestinal histomorphology and innate immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): a field study. Aquaculture 549, 737787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737787 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737787"},{"key":"41799_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. Blue Transformation in action. Rome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cd0683en (2024).","DOI":"10.4060\/cd0683en"},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR3","first-page":"48","volume":"3","author":"V Albert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Albert, V. & Ransangan, J. Effect of water temperature on susceptibility of culture marine fish species to vibriosis. Int. J. Res. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 3 (3), 48\u201352 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"41799_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8050255","volume":"8","author":"D Sateriale","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sateriale, D. et al. Benefits of polyphenol-based synbiotics in crustacean diet. Fishes 8 (5), 255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fishes8050255 (2023).","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14088","volume":"9","author":"A Semwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Semwal, A., Kumar, A. & Kumar, N. A review on pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and their mitigation through medicinal herbs in aquaculture. Heliyon 9 (3), e14088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14088 (2023).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"7","key":"41799_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01054.x","volume":"8","author":"FC Cabello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cabello, F. C. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environ. Microbiol. 8 (7), 1137\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01054.x (2006).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"41799_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4038\/sljas.v23i1.7543","volume":"23","author":"PM Manage","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manage, P. M. Heavy use of antibiotics in aquaculture: emerging human and animal health problems\u2013a review. Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 23 (1), 13 (2018).","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"41799_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.04.034","volume":"78","author":"S Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz, S. & Erg\u00fcn, S. Trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): I. Effects on haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 78, 140\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.04.034 (2018).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"41799_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yilmaz, S., Sova, M. & Erg\u00fcn, S. Antimicrobial activity of trans-cinnamic acid and commonly used antibiotics against important fish pathogens and nonpathogenic isolates. J. Appl. Microbiol. 125 (6), 1714\u20131727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.14097 (2018).","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14097"},{"issue":"7","key":"41799_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2607","volume":"337","author":"E Ahmadifar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmadifar, E. et al. Effects of caffeic acid on the growth performance, growth genes, digestive enzyme activity, and serum immune parameters of beluga (Huso huso). J. Exp. Zool. Part. A: Ecol. Integr. Physiol. 337 (7), 715\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.2607 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. Part. A: Ecol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"41799_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shohreh, P. et al. Growth performance, hematological profile, and related genes expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed on rosmarinic acid-enriched diets and subjected to ambient ammonia. Aquaculture 587, 740861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740861 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740861"},{"issue":"1","key":"41799_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01438-y","volume":"51","author":"Q Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Effects of dietary hydroxy-cinnamic acid derivatives on growth, muscle, and intestinal parameters of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 51 (1), 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-024-01438-y (2025).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"41799_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737514","volume":"547","author":"S Yilmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yilmaz, S. et al. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics used to control vibriosis in fish: a review. Aquaculture 547, 737514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737514 (2022).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"41799_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.07.007","volume":"117","author":"MT El-Saadony","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Saadony, M. T. et al. The functionality of probiotics in aquaculture: an overview. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 117, 36\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.07.007 (2021).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"41799_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2011.00875.x","volume":"18","author":"X Geng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geng, X. et al. Effects of dietary probiotic on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Aquac. Nutr. 18 (1), 46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2011.00875.x (2012).","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"41799_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Effects of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum and AHL lactonase on the control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in tilapia. MicrobiologyOpen 5 (4), 687\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.362 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.362"},{"key":"41799_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12957","volume":"25","author":"ME Abou-El-Atta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abou-El-Atta, M. E., Abdel-Tawwab, M., Abdel-Razek, N. & Abdelhakim, T. M. N. Effects of dietary probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and whey protein concentrate on the productive parameters, immunity response, and susceptibility of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), to Aeromonas sobria infection. Aquac. Nutr. 25, 1367\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.12957 (2019).","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"41799_CR18","unstructured":"Holzapfel, W. H. N. & Wood, B. J. The Genera of Lactic Acid Bacteria (Book 2) (Springer Science and Business Media, 2012)."},{"key":"41799_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840245","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245","volume":"13","author":"E Dempsey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dempsey, E. & Corr, S. C. Lactobacillus spp. for gastrointestinal health: current and future perspectives. Front. Immunol. 13, 840245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"41799_CR20","unstructured":"Faeed, M., Kasra Kermanshahi, R., Pourkazemi, M. & Ahmadnezhad, M. In vivo study on probiotic Lactobacillus brevis in Sander lucioperca and some of their nonspecific immune parameters, intestinal morphology and survival against Aeromonas hydrophila. Iran. J. Fisher. Sci. 21 (2), 387\u2013402 (2022)."},{"key":"41799_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2023.115872","volume":"308","author":"M Habibnia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habibnia, M. et al. Growth performance, hematological and immune parameters, and mRNA levels of cytokines and antioxidant-related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed on Pediocuccus pentosaceus and\/or ferulic acid. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 308, 115872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2023.115872 (2024).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01318-5","volume":"50","author":"S Vijayaram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vijayaram, S. et al. Synergetic response on herbal and probiotic applications: a review. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 50 (3), 1315\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-024-01318-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"41799_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, P. et al. Growth performance, immunological responses, and the expression of antioxidant, tight junction, and immune-related genes in goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed with Lactobacillus fermentum and malic acid. J. Appl. Aquac. 2025, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10454438.2025.2469496 (2025).","DOI":"10.1080\/10454438.2025.2469496"},{"key":"41799_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habibnia, M. et al. Effects of dietary Pediocuccus pentosaceus and\/or ferulic acid on performance, digestive enzymes, blood biochemistry, and growth-related genes expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac. Fisher. 10, 628\u2013635 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2024.06.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"41799_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12935","volume":"25","author":"S Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz, S., Ergun, S., \u015eanver \u00c7elik, E., Yigit, M. & Bayizit, C. Dietary trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): II. Effect on antioxidant status, digestive enzyme, blood biochemistry and liver antioxidant gene expression responses. Aquac. Nutr. 25 (6), 1207\u20131217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.12935 (2019).","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2020-0011","volume":"20","author":"I Sarhadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarhadi, I., Alizadeh, E., Ahmadifar, E., Adineh, H. & Dawood, M. A. Skin mucosal, serum immunity and antioxidant capacity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed artemisia (Artemisia annua). Ann. Anim. Sci. 20 (3), 1011\u20131027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/aoas-2020-0011 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"41799_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hajirezaee, S., Ramezani, S. & Ahani, S. Betaine and the probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the diet of the Common carp, Cyprinus carpio: effects on growth, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant system, humoral and mucosal immunity and resistance to Streptococcus iniae. Aquac. Rep. 38, 102282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.102282 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.102282"},{"issue":"1","key":"41799_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2020-0049","volume":"21","author":"Z Mehrinakhi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehrinakhi, Z., Ahmadifar, E., Sheikhzadeh, N., Moghadam, M. S. & Dawood, M. A. Extract of grape seed enhances the growth performance, humoral and mucosal immunity, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Annals Anim. Sci. 21 (1), 217\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/aoas-2020-0049 (2021).","journal-title":"Annals Anim. Sci."},{"key":"41799_CR29","unstructured":"Bernfeld, P. Amylases \u03b1 and \u03b2. In Methods in Enzymology (eds. Colowick, P. & Kaplan, N. O.) 149\u2013157 (Academic, 1951)."},{"key":"41799_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)81325-X","volume":"210","author":"L Bulow","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bulow, L. & Mosbach, K. The expression in E. coli of a polymeric gene coding for an esterase mimic catalyzing the hydrolysis of pnitrophenyl esters. FEBS Lett. 210, 147\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-5793(87)81325-X (1987).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"41799_CR31","unstructured":"Worthington Biochemical Corporation. Worthington Enzyme Manual: Enzymes, Enzyme Reagents, Related Biochemical (Worthington Biochemical Corp., Freehold, 1991)."},{"issue":"7","key":"41799_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradford, M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72 (7), 248\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3 (1976).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"41799_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Armobin, K. et al. Quercetin application for common carp (Cyprinus carpio): I. Effects on growth performance, humoral immunity, antioxidant status, immune-related genes, and resistance against heat stress. Aquac. Nutr. 2023, 1168262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/1168262 (2023).","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1168262"},{"key":"41799_CR34","first-page":"101","volume":"1","author":"AE Ellis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ellis, A. E. Lysozyme assays. Techniques fish. Immunol. 1, 101\u2013103 (1990).","journal-title":"Techniques fish. Immunol."},{"key":"41799_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2009\u2013\u2009\u2206\u2206CT method. Methods 25 (4), 402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262 (2001).","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"41799_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Jain, K. K., Sardar, P., Sahu, N. P. & Gupta, S. Dietary supplementation of acidifier: effect on growth performance and haemato-biochemical parameters in the diet of Cirrhinus mrigala juvenile. Aquac. Int. 25 (6), 2101\u20132116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-017-0176-4 (2017).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-017-0176-4"},{"key":"41799_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101534","volume":"30","author":"M Taherpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taherpour, M., Roomiani, L., Islami, H. R. & Mehrgan, M. S. Effect of dietary butyric acid, Bacillus licheniformis (probiotic), and their combination on hemato-biochemical indices, antioxidant enzymes, immunological parameters, and growth performance of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac. Rep. 30, 101534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101534 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"41799_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12536","volume":"24","author":"MS Hassaan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hassaan, M. S., Soltan, M. A., Jarmo\u0142owicz, S. & Abdo, H. S. Combined effects of dietary malic acid and Bacillus subtilis on growth, gut microbiota and blood parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquacult. Nutr. 24 (1), 83\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.12536 (2018).","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-021-00652-2","volume":"29","author":"R Zare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zare, R., Abedian Kenari, A. & Yazdani Sadati, M. Influence of dietary acetic acid, protexin (probiotic), and their combination on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, digestive enzymes, immunological parameters, and fatty acids composition in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, 1869). Aquacult. Int. 29 (3), 891\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-021-00652-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"41799_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bakhtiari, F., Ahmadifar, E., Moghadam, M. S., Mohammadzadeh, S. & Mahboub, H. H. Dual effects of dietary Lactobacillus helveticus and chlorogenic acid on growth performance, digestibility, immune-antioxidant capacity and resistance against heat stress of juvenile common carp. Aquac. Int. 32 (6), 7911\u20137927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-024-01547-8 (2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01547-8"},{"key":"41799_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737038","volume":"544","author":"G Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, G. et al. Effects of dietary Lactobacillus helveticus on the growth rate, disease resistance and intestinal health of pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Aquaculture 544, 737038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737038 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"41799_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.22059\/jfisheries.2020.297616.1138","volume":"72","author":"B Falahatkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Falahatkar, B., Alizade, H., Ouraji, H. & Efatpanah, I. Effect of dietary malic acid on hematological, biochemical and immunological indices of juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869). J. Fisheries. 72 (4), 419\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22059\/jfisheries.2020.297616.1138 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Fisheries"},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.22092\/ijfs.2019.119077","volume":"19","author":"SH Kalantarian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalantarian, S. H., Mirzargar, S. S., Rahmati, H. H., Sadeghinezhad, J. & Mohammadian, T. Effects of oral administration of acidifier and probiotic on growth performance, digestive enzymes activities and intestinal histomorphology in Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler, 1877). Iran. Sci. Fisher. J. 19 (3), 1532\u20131155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22092\/ijfs.2019.119077 (2020).","journal-title":"Iran. Sci. Fisher. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01883.x","volume":"39","author":"S Saurabh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saurabh, S. & Sahoo, P. K. Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system. Aquac. Res. 39 (3), 223\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01883.x (2008).","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"41799_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275","volume":"670","author":"MA Burgos-Aceves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burgos-Aceves, M. A., Lionetti, L. & Faggio, C. Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. Sci. Total Environ. 670, 1170\u20131183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"41799_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gobi, N. et al. Dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 improves growth performance, mucus and serum immune parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity as well as resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 74, 501\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.12.066 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.12.066"},{"issue":"5","key":"41799_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13087","volume":"26","author":"L Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, L. et al. Effects of ferulic acid on growth performance, immunity and antioxidant status in genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed oxidized fish oil. Aquacult. Nutr. 26 (5), 1431\u20131442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.13087 (2020).","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"41799_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2025.116276","volume":"323","author":"S Shahraki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shahraki, S. et al. Protective efficacy of dietary rosmarinic acid and Bacillus subtilis on growth, health parameters and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 323, 116276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2025.116276 (2025).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.10.006","volume":"6","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, survival, immune response, antioxidant capacity and digestive enzyme activity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquac. Fisher. 6 (3), 283\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.10.006 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquac. Fisher."},{"key":"41799_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738864","volume":"563","author":"M Yousefi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yousefi, M. et al. Effects of dietary malic acid supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant and immunological parameters, and intestinal gene expressions in rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss Aquac. 563, 738864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738864 (2023).","journal-title":"Oncorhynchus mykiss Aquac."},{"issue":"5","key":"41799_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13290","volume":"27","author":"J Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian, J., Han, G., Li, Y., Zhao, L. & Wang, G. Effects of resveratrol on growth, antioxidative status and immune response of snakehead fish (Channa argus). Aquacult. Nutr. 27 (5), 1472\u20131481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.13290 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"41799_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. Dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus subtilis affects antioxidant defenses and immune response in grass carp under Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Probiotics Antimicrobial Proteins 11 (2), 545\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-018-9409-8 (2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9409-8"},{"key":"41799_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735852","volume":"531","author":"Y Kong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kong, Y. et al. The positive effects of single or conjoint administration of lactic acid bacteria on Channa argus: Digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal microbiota and morphology. Aquaculture 531, 735852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735852 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"41799_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2020.1795616","volume":"29","author":"SH Hoseinifar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoseinifar, S. H. et al. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in fish: the implications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotics. Rev. Fisher. Sci. Aquac. 29 (2), 198\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23308249.2020.1795616 (2020).","journal-title":"Rev. Fisher. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"41799_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoseini, S. M., Yousefi, M., Afzali-Kordmahalleh, A., Pagheh, E. & Taheri Mirghaed, A. Effects of dietary lactic acid supplementation on the activity of digestive and antioxidant enzymes, gene expressions, and bacterial communities in the intestine of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Animals 13 (12), 1934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13121934 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13121934"},{"key":"41799_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Effects of malic acid and citric acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, haematology and immune response of Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquac. Res. 51 (7), 2766\u20132776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.14616 (2020).","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14616"},{"key":"41799_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.10.026","volume":"452","author":"DF Sesay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sesay, D. F. et al. Effects of dietary folic acid on the growth, digestive enzyme activity, immune response and antioxidant enzyme activity of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fingerling. Aquaculture 452, 142\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.10.026 (2016).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"41799_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yilmaz, S. Effects of dietary caffeic acid supplement on antioxidant, immunological and liver gene expression responses, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas veronii. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 86, 384\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.11.068 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.11.068"},{"issue":"1","key":"41799_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13440","volume":"49","author":"SH Hoseinifar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoseinifar, S. H., Zou, H. K., Van Doan, H., Miandare, K., Hoseini, S. M. & H. and Evaluation of some intestinal cytokines genes expression and serum innate immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed dietary loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaf extract. Aquac. Res. 49 (1), 120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.13440 (2018).","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"41799_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vazirzadeh, A., Roosta, H., Masoumi, H., Farhadi, A. & Jeffs, A. Long-term effects of three probiotics, singular or combined, on serum innate immune parameters and expressions of cytokine genes in rainbow trout during grow-out. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 98, 748\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.11.023 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.11.023"},{"issue":"2","key":"41799_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.05.005","volume":"31","author":"T P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, T. et al. Expression of immune-related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) induced by probiotic bacteria during Lactococcus garvieae infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 31 (2), 196\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.05.005 (2011).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"41799_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yi, Y. et al. Probiotic potential of Bacillus velezensis JW: antimicrobial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria and immune enhancement effects on Carassius auratus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 78, 322\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.04.055 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.04.055"},{"key":"41799_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735320","volume":"525","author":"MA Dawood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dawood, M. A. et al. The influences of ferulic acid on the growth performance, haemato-immunological responses, and immune-related genes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to heat stress. Aquaculture 525, 735320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735320 (2020).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"41799_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krishnaveni, G., Vignesh, S., Vidhyalakshmi, N., Vijay, V. & Ramesh, U. Effects of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus fermentum URLP18 on growth, innate immunity and survival against Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966 challenge in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Aquac. Res. 52 (3), 1160\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.14974 (2021).","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14974"},{"key":"41799_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamad, A. et al. Efficacy of feed additives on immune modulation and disease resistance in tilapia in coinfection model with Tilapia Lake Virus and Aeromonas hydrophila. Biology 13 (11), 938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology13110938 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13110938"},{"issue":"3","key":"41799_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.602-611","volume":"17","author":"N Aini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aini, N. et al. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei to increase growth performance and immune system of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) due to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Veterinary World. 17 (3), 602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2024.602-611 (2024).","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"41799_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yousefi, M. et al. Individual and combined effects of the dietary Spirulina platensis and Bacillus licheniformis supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, innate immunity, relative gene expression and resistance of goldfish, Carassius auratus to Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 127, 1070\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.015 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.015"},{"issue":"10","key":"41799_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1425285","volume":"59","author":"EL de Souza","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Souza, E. L., de Albuquerque, T. M. R., Dos Santos, A. S., Massa, N. M. L. & de Brito Alves, J. L. Potential interactions among phenolic compounds and probiotics for mutual boosting of their health-promoting properties and food functionalities\u2013a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 59 (10), 1645\u20131659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2018.1425285 (2019).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41799-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41799-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41799-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:15:32Z","timestamp":1781568932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-41799-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["41799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-41799-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The experiment was conducted in compliance with the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines. The study was approved by the ethics committee at Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran (IR.IAU.SARI.REC.1404.285).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have consent publication and participate.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"18659"}}