{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:22:45Z","timestamp":1790706165927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute and the Livestock and Fishery Sector Development Project (LFSDP) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ethiopia aims to eradicate peste des petits ruminants (PPR) by 2027 through a risk-based vaccination strategy (RBVS); however, outbreaks continue to occur. This cross-sectional study (January\u2013May 2024) evaluated RBVS performance by assessing flock- and maternal-level antibody immunity, providing field-based evidence to inform PPR control and eradication efforts. A total of 594 serum samples were collected using simple random sampling to assess flock (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009508) and maternal (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200986) antibody immunity. All samples were tested for PPRV antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Overall individual animal-level antibody immunity was 65.35% (332\/508), while at the flock level only 22.27% of flocks (6\/22) had\u2009\u2265\u200980% of animals with detectable antibodies. Multivariable logistic regression showed significant differences in immune status by age group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Adult (284\/428, 66.36%) and older (26\/33, 78.79%) small ruminants were approximately three and four times more likely to be seropositive than young animals (52.21%), respectively. Significant district-level variation was also observed: animals in Basona-werena (116\/146, 79.45%) were three times more likely to be seropositive than those in Menz-mama (88\/155, 56.77%). Overall maternal antibody immunity in kids and lambs was 52.3%, with 61.29% (95% CI: 42.19\u201378.15) in kids and 47.27% (95% CI: 33.65\u201361.20) in lambs. This study demonstrates insufficient maternal and flock-level antibody immunity against PPRV in vaccinated small ruminants, with levels below the recommended 80% threshold. To improve coverage, vaccination efforts should prioritize young animals, districts with low antibody levels, and areas with poor past performance. Strengthening surveillance, refining vaccination strategies, enhancing sero-monitoring, and ensuring efficient vaccine distribution are essential for effective PPR control and eventual eradication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41977-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:34:50Z","timestamp":1772163290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maternal immunity and post-vaccination sero-monitoring in small ruminants for peste des petits ruminants eradication in North Shewa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Enyiew Alemnew","family":"Alamerew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demeke","family":"Sibhatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cherenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fasil","family":"Aklilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derib","family":"Aydefruhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firdawok","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asfaw","family":"Bisrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenkute","family":"Goshme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdachew","family":"Yitagesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshitla","family":"Wondifra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meron","family":"Moges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonas","family":"Alemayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melkamu","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anmaw Shite","family":"Abat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"41977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.009","volume":"181","author":"S Parida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parida, S. et al. Peste des petits ruminants. Vet. Microbiol. 181, 90\u2013106 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"41977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.19577","volume":"18","author":"AF Fayyad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fayyad, A. F. & Alzuheir, I. M. Peste des petits ruminants: past, present, and future scope. J. Infect. Developing Ctries. 18, 1837\u20131845 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Developing Ctries."},{"key":"41977_CR3","first-page":"3155","volume":"32","author":"GN Govindaraj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Govindaraj, G. N. et al. Evaluation of effectiveness of Mass Vaccination Campaign against Peste des petits ruminants in Chhattisgarh state, India. Vaccine 32, 3155\u20133161 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"41977_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guendouz, S. et al. Tasioudi KE BA. 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