{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:59:21Z","timestamp":1785869961850,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02263462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02263462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003715","name":"Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KGM4562633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM4562633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42008-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:46:16Z","timestamp":1773207976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Upper limb lymphatic mapping and quantitative functional analysis in normal cynomolgus monkeys using indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence lymphography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunsu","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyu-Seo","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincheol","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngjeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"42008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022724-104908","volume":"87","author":"MJ Davis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davis, M. J., Zawieja, S. D. & King, P. D. Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 87, 151\u2013172 (2025).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"42008_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H775","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1980.239.6.H775","volume":"239","author":"WL Olszewski","year":"1980","unstructured":"Olszewski, W. L. & Engeset, A. Intrinsic contractility of prenodal lymph vessels and lymph flow in human leg. Am. J. Physiol. -Heart Circ. Physiol. 239, H775\u2013H783 (1980).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"42008_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jr, J. E. M. & Bertram, C. D. Lymphatic System Flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 50, 459\u2013482 (2018).","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-122316-045259"},{"key":"42008_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07079-7","volume":"20","author":"E Torgbenu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Torgbenu, E., Luckett, T., Buhagiar, M. A., Chang, S. & Phillips, J. L. Prevalence and incidence of cancer related lymphedema in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 20, 604 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"42008_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S234","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001864","volume":"82","author":"AR Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson, A. R. et al. Lymphedema Incidence After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: Quantifying the Impact of Radiation and the Lymphatic Microsurgical Preventive Healing Approach. Ann. Plast. Surg. 82, S234\u2013S241 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"42008_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigorean, A., Voci, D., Farmakis, I., Hobohm, L., Keller, K., Kucher, N., Luchsinger, I., Micieli, E., Schievano, E., Barco, S. et al. Prevalence of lymphedema using large data sets: an epidemiological analysis in the United States and in Italy. Lymphology. 56, 178\u2013187 (2023).","DOI":"10.2458\/lymph.6377"},{"key":"42008_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009555","volume":"150","author":"MD Granoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Granoff, M. D. et al. Superficial and Functional Lymphatic Anatomy of the Upper Extremity. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 150, 900\u2013907 (2022).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"42008_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.102.Supplement_165","volume":"102","author":"T Hayakawa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hayakawa, T. The Lymphatics of Japanese Macaque. Anthropol. Sci. 102, 165\u2013179 (1994).","journal-title":"Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"42008_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000246516.64780.61","volume":"119","author":"H Suami","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suami, H., Taylor, G. I. & Pan, W. R. The Lymphatic Territories of the Upper Limb: Anatomical Study and Clinical Implications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119, 1813 (2007).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"42008_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e318285875f","volume":"73","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamamoto, T. et al. Dynamic Indocyanine Green (ICG) Lymphography for Breast Cancer-Related Arm Lymphedema. Ann. Plast. Surg. 73, 706\u2013709 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"42008_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2008.04.013","volume":"36","author":"N Unno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Unno, N. et al. Quantitative Lymph Imaging for Assessment of Lymph Function using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Lymphography. Eur. J. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 36, 230\u2013236 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc Endovasc Surg."},{"key":"42008_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1396","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001396","volume":"5","author":"AH Hassanein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassanein, A. H., Maclellan, R. A., Grant, F. D. & Greene, A. K. Diagnostic Accuracy of Lymphoscintigraphy for Lymphedema and Analysis of False-Negative Tests. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob Open. 5, e1396 (2017).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob Open."},{"key":"42008_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.08.013","volume":"170","author":"AK Polomska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Polomska, A. K. & Proulx, S. T. Imaging technology of the lymphatic system. Adv. Drug Deliv Rev. 170, 294\u2013311 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"42008_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2017.12.024","volume":"49","author":"JS Bae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae, J. S. et al. Evaluation of lymphedema in upper extremities by MR lymphangiography: Comparison with lymphoscintigraphy. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 49, 63\u201370 (2018).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"42008_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28496","volume":"57","author":"BP Salehi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salehi, B. P. et al. MRI of Lymphedema. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging JMRI. 57, 977\u2013991 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging JMRI"},{"key":"42008_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/95414884","volume":"80","author":"C Lohrmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lohrmann, C., Foeldi, E., Bartholomae, J. P. & Langer, M. Gadoteridol for MR imaging of lymphatic vessels in lymphoedematous patients: initial experience after intracutaneous injection. Br. J. Radiol. 80, 569\u2013573 (2007).","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"42008_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12573","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02656D","volume":"10","author":"Q Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. An efficient dye-sensitized NIR emissive lanthanide nanomaterial and its application in fluorescence-guided peritumoral lymph node dissection. Nanoscale 10, 12573\u201312581 (2018).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"42008_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.06.036","volume":"172","author":"DA Sherwinter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherwinter, D. A. et al. Use of fluorescence imaging and indocyanine green for sentinel node mapping during gastric cancer surgery: Results of an intercontinental Delphi survey. Surgery 172, S29\u2013S37 (2022).","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"42008_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2020.19482","volume":"26","author":"S Guerrini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guerrini, S. et al. Magnetic resonance lymphangiography: with or without contrast? Diagn. Interv Radiol. 26, 587\u2013595 (2020).","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv Radiol."},{"key":"42008_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s44303-024-00061-z","volume":"3","author":"MS Razavi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Razavi, M. S. et al. A multiresolution approach with method-informed statistical analysis for quantifying lymphatic pumping dynamics. Npj Imaging. 3, 2 (2025).","journal-title":"Npj Imaging"},{"key":"42008_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2016-0075","volume":"30","author":"PJ Haley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haley, P. J. The lymphoid system: a review of species differences. J. Toxicol. Pathol. 30, 111\u2013123 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"42008_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, Y., Che, Y. & Murohara, T. Therapeutic Lymphangiogenesis Is a Promising Strategy for Secondary Lymphedema. Int J. Mol. Sci 24, 7774 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097774"},{"key":"42008_CR23","first-page":"5665","volume":"7","author":"G Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, G. et al. Rhesus monkey is a new model of secondary lymphedema in the upper limb. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 7, 5665\u20135673 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"42008_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20216","volume":"86","author":"GJ Chellman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chellman, G. J. et al. Developmental and reproductive toxicology studies in nonhuman primates. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 86, 446\u2013462 (2009).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"42008_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910500362937","volume":"2","author":"E Buse","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buse, E. Development of the Immune System in the Cynomolgus Monkey: The Appropriate Model in Human Targeted Toxicology? J. Immunotoxicol. 2, 211\u2013216 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"42008_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.123117.111","volume":"21","author":"M Ebeling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ebeling, M. et al. Genome-based analysis of the nonhuman primate Macaca fascicularis as a model for drug safety assessment. Genome Res. 21, 1746\u20131756 (2011).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"42008_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0338516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338516","volume":"20","author":"J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. Anatomical mapping and quantitative functional analysis of lower limb lymphatic flow in normal cynomolgus monkeys using indocyanine green lymphography. PLOS One. 20, e0338516 (2025).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"42008_CR28","unstructured":"Division on Earth and Life Studies; Health and Medicine Division; Institute for Laboratory Animal Research; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on the State of the Science and Future Needs for Nonhuman Primate Model Systems. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs (National Academies Press (US), 2023)."},{"key":"42008_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021419-083813","volume":"10","author":"AF Tarantal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarantal, A. F., Noctor, S. C. & Hartigan-O\u2019Connor, D. J. Nonhuman Primates in Translational Research. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 10, 441\u2013468 (2022).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"42008_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6192-1","volume":"19","author":"H Suami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suami, H. et al. A new indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography protocol for identification of the lymphatic drainage pathway for patients with breast cancer-related lymphoedema. BMC Cancer. 19, 985 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"42008_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019191169","volume":"294","author":"A Shinaoka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shinaoka, A. et al. Lower-Limb Lymphatic Drainage Pathways and Lymph Nodes: A CT Lymphangiography Cadaver Study. Radiology 294, 223\u2013229 (2020).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"42008_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635118","volume":"32","author":"H Suami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suami, H. & Scaglioni, M. F. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System and the Lymphosome Concept with Reference to Lymphedema. Semin Plast. Surg. 32, 5\u201311 (2018).","journal-title":"Semin Plast. Surg."},{"key":"42008_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010118","volume":"151","author":"LN Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, L. N., Mehrara, B., Dayan, J., McGrath, L. & Coriddi, M. Accessory Lymphatic Drainage Pathways on Indocyanine Green Lymphography in Patients with Breast-Cancer Related Lymphedema. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 151, 1015e\u20131021e (2023).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"42008_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2018.10.006","volume":"27","author":"H Suami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suami, H., Koelmeyer, L., Mackie, H. & Boyages, J. Patterns of lymphatic drainage after axillary node dissection impact arm lymphoedema severity: A review of animal and clinical imaging studies. Surg. Oncol. 27, 743\u2013750 (2018).","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"42008_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.14440\/jbm.2014.26","volume":"1","author":"S Liao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liao, S., Jones, D., Cheng, G. & Padera, T. P. Method for the quantitative measurement of collecting lymphatic vessel contraction in mice. J. Biol. Methods. 1, e6 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Methods"},{"key":"42008_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiler, M. & Dixon, J. B. Differential transport function of lymphatic vessels in the rat tail model and the long-term effects of Indocyanine Green as assessed with near-infrared imaging. Front Physiol 4, 215 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00215"},{"key":"42008_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031211986267","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119862670","volume":"7","author":"E Farias-Cisneros","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farias-Cisneros, E. et al. Infrared imaging of lymphatic function in the upper extremity of normal controls and hand transplant recipients via subcutaneous indocyanine green injection. SAGE Open. Med. 7, 2050312119862670 (2019).","journal-title":"SAGE Open. Med."},{"key":"42008_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, M. P., Alkhorayef, M. & Spyrou, N. M. Peak-valley analysis of three-quanta positron annihilation: Validity, limitation and optimization. in IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS\/MIC), 1101\u20131105 (2012).","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2012.6551276"},{"key":"42008_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2348764","volume":"33","author":"W Lu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lu, W. et al. A semi-automatic method for peak and valley detection in free\u2010breathing respiratory waveforms. Med. Phys. 33, 3634 (2006).","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"42008_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/10485250500039262","volume":"17","author":"E Chicken","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chicken, E. Block-dependent thresholding in wavelet regression. J. Nonparametric Stat. 17, 467\u2013491 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Nonparametric Stat."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42008-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42008-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42008-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T05:02:06Z","timestamp":1777179726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42008-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["42008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-42008-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13090"}}