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The aim of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effect of M\u00fcller glia derived EVs in human ESC-derived neuronal cells containing RGCs. Cells were isolated from 40\u201350-day-old retinal organoids and cytotoxicity was induced by addition of NMDA (1mM) for 24\u00a0h, followed by treatment with a population of M\u00fcller cell derived EVs for a further 24\u00a0h. Isolated RGC-enriched cultures expressed characteristic RGC markers such as \u03b2III tubulin, Brn3b, RBPMS, \u03b3-synuclein, Thy1 and NMDAR1. Exposure of this cell population to NMDA lead to a significant reduction in the average neurite length which then recovered with exposure to M\u00fcller cell-derived EVs. Investigation of kinase activity revealed increased apoptotic signalling via activation of P38 and p53 after NMDA addition to RGC-like cultures and pro-survival signalling by activation of RSK1\/2\/3 after addition of EV to the NMDA-damaged cells, suggesting EVs derived from M\u00fcller glia support the survival of the RGC-enriched cultures. It is hoped that these observations aid future investigations to assess new EV-related therapies to treat neuronal injury occurring in retinal degenerative conditions such as glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42089-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:34:41Z","timestamp":1772541281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["M\u00fcller glia derived EVs promote neurite recovery of an enriched population of retinal ganglion like cells derived from hESC retinal organoids after damage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Karen","family":"Eastlake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D. 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