{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:58:36Z","timestamp":1781614716800,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Theory Project","award":["KJ2024C009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2024C009"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Theory Project","award":["KJ2024C009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2024C009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the rapid development of space technology and the increasing demand for global security early warning, space-based early warning Radar (SBR) is playing an increasingly important role in defending against potential threats. Based on the perturbed motion model of low-earth orbit satellites, this paper proposes a method for calculating the beam grazing angle of SBR using coordinate transformation techniques. The method is characterized by its clear process and simple calculation. The effectiveness of this method has been verified through simulation experiments, providing a practical method for the real-time calculation of the beam grazing angle of SBR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42233-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T20:06:57Z","timestamp":1772482017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coordinate transformation method for beam grazing angle calculation of space-based early warning radar"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"XiaoBin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"42233_CR1","unstructured":"Huang, X. B., Xiao, R. & Zhang, Y. Fundamental Theory and Simulation Application of Orbital Space Objects (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2024)."},{"issue":"4","key":"42233_CR2","first-page":"276","volume":"35","author":"WW Lei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lei, W. W. & Zhang, H. W. A reference system transformation method based on the non-rotating origin and its computation. Journal of Spacecraft TT&C Technology 35(4), 276\u2013285 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Spacecraft TT&C Technology"},{"key":"42233_CR3","unstructured":"Lin, Y. & Wu, N. Space-based Early Warning Radar (National Defence Industry, 2018)."},{"key":"42233_CR4","unstructured":"Liu, L. & Hou, X. Y. Fundamentals of Orbital Mechanics (Higher Education Press, 2018)."},{"issue":"10","key":"42233_CR5","first-page":"2771","volume":"43","author":"NB Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, N. B., Jiang, X. Y., Ding, H. & Guan, J. Summary of Research on Characteristics of Radar Sea Clutter and Target Detection at High Grazing Angles. J. Electron. Inform. Technol. 43 (10), 2771\u20132780 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inform. Technol."},{"key":"42233_CR6","unstructured":"Pillai, S., Unnikrishna, Li, K. & Himed, B. Space-based Radar Theory and Applications (House of Electronics Industry, 2016)."},{"key":"42233_CR7","unstructured":"Sellers, J. J., Astore, W. J. & Giffen, R. B. W. J. Larson, Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics 3rd edn (McGraw-Hill College, 2005)."},{"key":"42233_CR8","unstructured":"Vallado, D. A. Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications 5th edn (McGraw-Hill, 2023)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42233-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42233-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42233-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:33:08Z","timestamp":1781613188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42233-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["42233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-42233-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11784"}}