{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:55:11Z","timestamp":1787003711808,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52574176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52574176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52474161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42285-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T14:11:09Z","timestamp":1772374269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seepage characteristics of fractured sandstone under deep high-confined water and mining-induced stress"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runze","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangxin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"42285_CR1","first-page":"75","volume":"49","author":"MC He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, M. C., Wu, Y. Y., Gao, Y. B. & Tao, Z. G. Research progress of rock mechanics in deep mining. J. China Coal Soc. 49 (1), 75\u201399 (2024).","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"42285_CR2","first-page":"023033","volume":"5","author":"WJ Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, W. J. & GAO, F. Q. Study of the evolution of mining-induced fractures with longwall face proceeds-insight from physical and numerical modeling. J. Min. Strata Control Eng. 5 (2), 023033\u2013023033 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Min. Strata Control Eng."},{"key":"42285_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2021.105912","volume":"131","author":"PH Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, P. H., Zhang, C. & Wang, W. Failure analysis of coal pillars and gateroads in longwall faces under the mining-water invasion coupling effect. Eng. Fail. Anal. 131, 105912 (2022).","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"42285_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Study on coupled evolution mechanisms of stress\u2013fracture\u2013seepage fields in overburden strata during fully mechanized coal mining processes, 13 (6) 1753. (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13061753"},{"issue":"2","key":"42285_CR5","first-page":"95","volume":"50","author":"BW Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia, B. W., Liu, S. W., Ou, C. N. & GAO, Y. G. Experimental study on mechanical properties of sandstone with single fracture under fully-mechanized top-coal caving mining stress path. Coal Sci. Technol. 50 (2), 95\u2013105 (2022).","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"S1","key":"42285_CR6","first-page":"120","volume":"53","author":"XY Zeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng, X. Y. et al. Study on permeability mechanism of rough fractured coal considering slippage effect. Coal Sci. Technol. 53 (S1), 120\u2013129 (2025).","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"42285_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2023.107369","volume":"329","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Acoustic emission and splitting surface roughness of sandstone in a Brazilian splitting test under the influence of water saturation. Eng. Geol. 329, 107369 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"issue":"04","key":"42285_CR8","first-page":"183","volume":"56","author":"JW Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, J. W., Zhang, Y. J., Xiao, J., Li, Y. W. & Zhang, Z. W. Experimental study on mechanical and fracture-seepage characteristics of sandstone under hydro-mechanical coupling. Coal Mine Saf. 56 (04), 183\u2013194 (2025).","journal-title":"Coal Mine Saf."},{"key":"42285_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2016.04.029","volume":"208","author":"ZP Meng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng, Z. P., Shi, X. C. & Li, G. Q. Deformation, Failure and permeability of coal-bearing strata during longwall mining. Eng. Geol. 208, 69\u201380 (2016).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"issue":"6","key":"42285_CR10","first-page":"567","volume":"18","author":"WB Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, W. B., Xue, Y. C., Yin, L. M. & Zhang, J. M. Experimental study on seepage characteristics of large size rock specimens under three-dimensional stress. Geomech. Eng. 18 (6), 567\u2013574 (2019).","journal-title":"Geomech. Eng."},{"issue":"06","key":"42285_CR11","first-page":"2419","volume":"54","author":"ZN Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, Z. N., Feng, S. H., Zhang, Q. & Wang, J. Q. Experimental study of triaxial shear\u2013seepage coupling characteristics of saturated intact sandstone under high stress and high seepage pressure. J. Cent. South. Univ. (Science Technology). 54 (06), 2419\u20132430 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cent. South. Univ. (Science Technology)"},{"issue":"1","key":"42285_CR12","first-page":"7","volume":"53","author":"G Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, G., Chen, X. C., Chen, H., Long, Q. M. & Liu, Y. X. Impacts of coal fracture roughness and aperture on the seepage of injected water: An experimental study. Coal Geol. Explor. 53 (1), 7 (2025).","journal-title":"Coal Geol. Explor."},{"issue":"12","key":"42285_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-023-10978-0","volume":"82","author":"C Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Wang, X. J., Han, P. H., Bai, Q. S. & Chen, J. H. Failure analysis of residual coal pillar under the coupling of mining stress and water immersion in the goaf underground water reservoir. Environ. Earth Sci. 82 (12), 309 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"issue":"06","key":"42285_CR14","first-page":"407","volume":"53","author":"C Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Simulation method and engineering application of fluid solid coupling for water immersion weakening in coal mining. Coal Sci. Technol. 53 (06), 407\u2013417 (2025).","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"42285_CR15","first-page":"92","volume":"57","author":"ZN Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, Z. N., Feng, S. H., Wang, J. Q. & Zang, Q. Experimental study on nonlinear flow behavior of rough single fracture under high geostress and high seepage pressure. China Civil Eng. J. 57 (12), 92\u2013103 (2024).","journal-title":"China Civil Eng. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"42285_CR16","first-page":"2062","volume":"45","author":"L Gan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gan, L., Jin, H. J., Shen, Z. Z., Xu, L. & Ma, H. Y. Experimental study on seepage characteristics of rough fracture of limestone under loading-unloading of confining and osmotic pressures. Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 45 (10), 2062\u20132071 (2023).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"42285_CR17","first-page":"1993","volume":"41","author":"M Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, M. & Kong, D. S. Study on seepage characteristics of rock fractures considering fracture surface roughness and opening fractal dimension. Chin. J. Rock Mechan. Eng. 41 (10), 1993\u20132002 (2022).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mechan. Eng."},{"key":"42285_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2014.11.004","volume":"65","author":"RC Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, R. C., Jiang, Y., Li, B. & Wang, X. A fractal model for characterizing fluid flow in fractured rock masses based On randomly distributed rock fracture networks. Comput. Geotech. 65, 45\u201355 (2015).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"42285_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2025.107643","volume":"284","author":"QY Jia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jia, Q. Y. et al. Numerical simulations of radon diffusion-seepage in single fracture of rock. J. Environ. Radioact. 284, 107643 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"issue":"7","key":"42285_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-020-4419-6","volume":"27","author":"HY Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu, H. Y. et al. Seepage characteristics of a fractured silty mudstone under different confining pressures and temperatures. J. Cent. South. Univ. 27 (7), 1907\u20131916 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cent. South. Univ."},{"issue":"07","key":"42285_CR21","first-page":"2361","volume":"39","author":"TJ Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, T. J. et al. Permeability tests of fractured sandstone with different sizes of fragments under three-dimensional stress states. Rock. Soil. Mech. 39 (07), 2361\u20132370 (2018).","journal-title":"Rock. Soil. Mech."},{"issue":"6","key":"42285_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"44","author":"L Gan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gan, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z. L., Shen, Z. Z. & Ma, H. Y. Roughness characterization of rock fracture and its influence on fracture seepage characteristics. Rock. Soil. Mech. 44 (6), 1 (2023).","journal-title":"Rock. Soil. Mech."},{"issue":"04","key":"42285_CR23","first-page":"901","volume":"43","author":"LM Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L. M., Wang, Z. Q., Zhao, T. Y. & Cong, Y. Experimental study of sandstone crack propagation behavior under different seepage pressures. Rock. Soil. Mech. 43 (04), 901\u2013908 (2022).","journal-title":"Rock. Soil. Mech."},{"key":"42285_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2016.01.034","volume":"29","author":"D Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. A unified permeability and effective stress relationship for porous and fractured reservoir rocks. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 29, 401\u2013412 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"42285_CR25","unstructured":"Zha, H. Theory and application of seepage stability of overlying strata for shallow coal seam mining (China University of Mining and Technology, 2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"42285_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044501","DOI":"10.1088\/1873-7005\/ac10f0","volume":"53","author":"SV Ershov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ershov, S. V., Prosviryakov, E. Y., Burmasheva, N. V. & Christianto, V. Towards understanding the algorithms for solving the Navier\u2013Stokes equations. Fluid Dyn. Res. 53 (4), 044501 (2021).","journal-title":"Fluid Dyn. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42285-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42285-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42285-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T10:03:11Z","timestamp":1775556191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42285-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["42285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-42285-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11507"}}