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In addition to biological uncertainties, inaccuracies in light delivery must be considered. Using simulations on virtual brain tumour (glioblastoma) models, we analyze two sources of uncertainty: light source power variations of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\pm 5\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\pm 10\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\pm 20\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , and positional deviations during source insertion, modelled as angular errors producing up to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$3\\textrm{mm}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    displacement. Simulated outcomes show minimal impact from power uncertainty, even at worst-case\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\pm 20\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    : the percent difference between maximum and minimum\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$v_{100}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    does not exceed\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$9\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , with tumour coverage only dropping from the targeted\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$98\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$96.9\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . Using a new power-uncertainty\u2013aware option in the PDT-SPACE planning tool improves the worst-case minimum coverage from\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$96.9\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$97.3\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , eliminating the risk of under-treating. Position uncertainty was simulated by discretizing the space and randomizing source placements, showing a larger negative effect. Power re-optimization on measured post-insertion positions restores tumour coverage to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$98\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , while PDT-SPACE source-position optimization reduces average healthy tissue damage by\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$36\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . Combining both yields the most robust performance and minimizes sensitivity to positional deviations, thereby limiting light-delivery errors in iPDT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42421-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:07:15Z","timestamp":1772723235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Robustness of interstitial photodynamic therapy treatment planning under power and positional uncertainties in light delivery"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuran","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Saeidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Lilge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughn","family":"Betz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"42421_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.12.889","volume":"90","author":"TJ Dougherty","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dougherty, T. 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