{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T23:06:00Z","timestamp":1780009560326,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"2020 Graduate Innovative Research Project of Hainan Medical University","award":["HYYS2020-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYYS2020-32"]}]},{"name":"2020 Graduate Innovative Research Project of Hainan Medical University","award":["HYYS2020-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYYS2020-32"]}]},{"name":"2020 Graduate Innovative Research Project of Hainan Medical University","award":["HYYS2020-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYYS2020-32"]}]},{"name":"2020 Graduate Innovative Research Project of Hainan Medical University","award":["HYYS2020-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYYS2020-32"]}]},{"name":"2020 Graduate Innovative Research Project of Hainan Medical University","award":["HYYS2020-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYYS2020-32"]}]},{"name":"2020 Graduate Innovative Research Project of Hainan Medical University","award":["HYYS2020-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYYS2020-32"]}]},{"name":"High-level Talents Scientific Research Start-up Fund of Hainan Medical University, 2019","award":["XRC190011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XRC190011"]}]},{"name":"High-level Talents Scientific Research Start-up Fund of Hainan Medical University, 2019","award":["XRC190011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XRC190011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42519-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:03:23Z","timestamp":1773137003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indoor environmental factors and pneumonia in preschool children in Haikou China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuomin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dee","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"42519_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1714562","volume":"380","author":"LA Mandell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mandell, L. A. & Niederman, M. S. Aspiration Pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 651\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1714562 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"42519_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j2739","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2739","volume":"358","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zar, H. J., Andronikou, S. & Nicol, M. P. Advances in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children. BMJ (Clinical Res. ed.). 358, j2739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j2739 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res. ed.)"},{"key":"42519_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(18)30408-x","volume":"7","author":"DA McAllister","year":"2019","unstructured":"McAllister, D. A. et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis. Lancet Global health. 7, e47\u2013e57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2214-109x(18)30408-x (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Global health"},{"key":"42519_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984180","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.984180","volume":"12","author":"Q Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du, Q. et al. Nosocomial dissemination of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae with high-risk clones among children in Shanghai. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 12, 984180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.984180 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"42519_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi, H. et al. Prevalence, risk factors, correlates and management of pneumonia among preschool children in Chinese seven cities: a cross-sectional study with interrupted time series analysis. BMC Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-02951-2 (2023).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02951-2"},{"key":"42519_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202103-0604OC","volume":"205","author":"NN Hansel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansel, N. N. et al. Randomized Clinical Trial of Air Cleaners to Improve Indoor Air Quality and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health: Results of the CLEAN AIR Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 205, 421\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202103-0604OC (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med."},{"key":"42519_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133620","volume":"10","author":"C He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He, C. et al. Pneumonia Mortality among Children under 5 in China from 1996 to 2013: An Analysis from National Surveillance System. PloS one. 10, e0133620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0133620 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"42519_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000494389","volume":"178","author":"S Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Clinical response to subcutaneous dermatophagoides pteronyssinus immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis and asthma is independent of sensitization to blomia tropicalis allergens. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 178 (2), 201\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000494389 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"42519_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483","volume":"8","author":"MI Asher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Asher, M. I. et al. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur. Respir. J. 8, 483\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483 (1995).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"42519_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2004.00274.x","volume":"14","author":"CG Bornehag","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bornehag, C. G., Sundell, J. & Sigsgaard, T. Dampness in buildings and health (DBH): Report from an ongoing epidemiological investigation on the association between indoor environmental factors and health effects among children in Sweden. Indoor air. 14 (Suppl 7), 59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2004.00274.x (2004).","journal-title":"Indoor air"},{"key":"42519_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050298","volume":"22","author":"E Avila-Tang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Avila-Tang, E. et al. Assessing secondhand smoke using biological markers. Tob. Control. 22, 164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050298 (2013).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"42519_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.04.003","volume":"165","author":"Q Deng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deng, Q. et al. Parental stress and air pollution increase childhood asthma in China. Environ. Res. 165, 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.04.003 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"42519_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.022","volume":"116","author":"Y Zhuge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhuge, Y. et al. Residential risk factors for childhood pneumonia: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. Environ. Int. 116, 83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.022 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"42519_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106176","volume":"146","author":"W Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi, W. et al. PM(2.5) and its chemical constituents on lifetime-ever pneumonia in Chinese children: A multi-center study. Environ. Int. 146, 106176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106176 (2021). Ambient.","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"42519_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23368","volume":"51","author":"L Giovannini-Chami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giovannini-Chami, L. et al. Eosinophilic pneumonias in children: A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 51, 203\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.23368 (2016).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"42519_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2023.100824","volume":"16","author":"S Alnahas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alnahas, S., Abouammoh, N., Althagafi, W. & Abd-Ellatif, E. E. Prevalence, severity, and risk factors of allergic rhinitis among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia: A national cross-sectional study, 2019. World Allergy Organ. J. 16, 100824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.waojou.2023.100824 (2023).","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"42519_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1081\/jas-200038477","volume":"41","author":"ER Sutherland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sutherland, E. R., Brandorff, J. M. & Martin, R. J. Atypical bacterial pneumonia and asthma risk. J. asthma: official J. Association Care Asthma. 41, 863\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/jas-200038477 (2004).","journal-title":"J. asthma: official J. Association Care Asthma"},{"key":"42519_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.174112","volume":"34","author":"R Chaudhry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaudhry, R., Ghosh, A. & Chandolia, A. Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: An update. Ind. J. Med. Microbiol. 34, 7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0255-0857.174112 (2016).","journal-title":"Ind. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"42519_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.10.006","volume":"40","author":"TF Carr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carr, T. F., Alkatib, R. & Kraft, M. Microbiome in Mechanisms of Asthma. Clin. Chest. Med. 40, 87\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.10.006 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Chest. Med."},{"key":"42519_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116211","volume":"231","author":"F Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu, F., Weschler, L. B., Zhang, Y. & Spengler, J. D. Childhood pneumonia in Beijing: Associations and interactions among selected demographic and environmental factors. Environ. Res. 231, 116211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116211 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"42519_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110365","volume":"192","author":"NY Rivera Rivera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rivera Rivera, N. Y. et al. Prenatal and early life exposure to particulate matter, environmental tobacco smoke and respiratory symptoms in Mexican children. Environ. Res. 192, 110365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110365 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"42519_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105509","volume":"164","author":"N Bednarczuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bednarczuk, N., Williams, E. E., Dassios, T. & Greenough, A. Nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes in pregnancy and infant respiratory outcomes. Early Hum. Dev. 164, 105509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105509 (2022).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"42519_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14177","volume":"75","author":"I Eguiluz-Gracia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eguiluz-Gracia, I. et al. The need for clean air: The way air pollution and climate change affect allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy 75, 2170\u20132184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.14177 (2020).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"42519_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0392-x","volume":"15","author":"ED McCollum","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCollum, E. D. et al. Predictors of treatment failure for non-severe childhood pneumonia in developing countries\u2013systematic literature review and expert survey\u2013the first step towards a community focused mHealth risk-assessment tool? BMC Pediatr. 15, 74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-015-0392-x (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42519-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42519-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42519-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T22:59:38Z","timestamp":1780009178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-42519-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["42519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-42519-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Hainan Medical University (No.:HYLL-2022-244), all parents and class teachers of the children under investigation have signed written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"16624"}}