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The addition of exogenous carbon can restore degraded soils by adding soil organic carbon, but its effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming mitigation remain elusive. This study evaluated emissions of three major GHGs\u2013nitrous oxide (N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O), carbon dioxide (CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), and methane (CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n )\u2013following soil amendment with biochar, compost, and a biochar\u2009+\u2009compost (BC) mixture. Biochar application reduced cumulative N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\u2013N and CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013C emissions by 52% and 16%, respectively. Soil CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013C emissions were generally negative, being lowest with biochar and highest with compost. During the crop season, average CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013C and N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\u2013C emissions were 75% and 45% greater, respectively, while CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013C was 66% less compared to the no-crop season. Increasing soil moisture content increased N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\u2013N emissions (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.39), while soil temperature influenced CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013C emissions (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.37). Among amendments, biochar-treated soil had the lowest cumulative N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\u2013N and CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013C emissions, reducing net global warming potential (GWP) by 43% and 30%, respectively, compared to compost-treated soil and control (CTRL). Biochar amendment can be a climate-smart strategy for semi-arid regions as it improves soil health and mitigates GWP by reducing N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O and CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n emissions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42554-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:15:49Z","timestamp":1772788549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Contrasting effects of biochar and compost on greenhouse gas emissions and the global warming potential of semi-arid cropping systems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Piumi","family":"Madhuwanthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajan","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sundar","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Norris-Parish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Ulery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"42554_CR1","unstructured":"UN. 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